Chapter 3 Explain

Question 1

Describe two methods used to refine iron

Answer 1

Blast furnace-furnace filled with iron, ore, limestone, and Coke (impure form of carbon derived from coal)…forms pig iron

Direct iron reduction-uses methane gas instead of Coke, iron is heated to burn off impurities but not hot enough to melt the iron, forms sponge iron

Question 2

Compare and contrast stimulant and synthetic gemstones

Answer 2

Simulated-imitation stones that look like natural gemstones but have different chemical and physical properties

Synthetic-man made, but identical in appearance and chemical content to their natural counterparts

Question 3

List and describe the three categories of rock based on how they appear to have been formed

Answer 3

Igneous rock-form from solidified magma

Sedimentary rock-form from sediments

Metamorphic rocks-form when igneous or sedimentary rocks are “cooked” by intense heat and pressure

Question 4

Compare and contrast mechanical, chemical, and organic sediments

Answer 4

Mechanical-sand, clay, or rock fragments transported by physical means and deposited in a thick layer

Chemical-form when minerals precipitate (crystallize) and separate out of solution

Organic-sediments made entirely of fossil material

Question 5

Compare and contrast foliated do and nonfoliated rocks

Answer 5

Foliated-made of layers like the leaves of a book

Nonfoliated-cannot be split into thin layers

Question 6

List and describe the three general steps of metallurgy

Answer 6

Extraction-removal of ore from the earth

Refining-removal of impurities (by heat, chemical action, or a combination of the two)

Shaping-forming the purified ore into the desired object

Question 7

Explain the law of superposition

Answer 7

Any undisturbed strata lie in the order they were laid down; sediments deposited first are on the bottom

Question 8

Describe three methods of coal mining

Answer 8

Surface mining–coal removed from the surface of the earth; overburden (upper layers of ground) stripped away to expose coal.

Longwall mining–a rotating drum travels down a long track, grinding coal from the coal seam.

Continuous mining–a continuous miner is used to remove coal from a large coal “room”.

Retreat mining–miners back out of a coal room, removing pillars of coal.