Chapter 3 - Genetic Bases of Child Devel. Flashcards by Danica Prociuk

gametes are created through what process

meiosis

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for boys, when does the process of meiosis begin and end

in puberty and continues throughout the lifespan

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for girls when does meiosis occur

during babies gestation, with all eggs being present in her at birth

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how many eggs does one meiotic division in girls produce

one viable egg and 3 that die off immediately

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how many sperm does each meiotic division in boys make

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bodily cells other than gametes are produced through what

mitosis

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The refferd to louise Brown as what and why

test-tube baby
-first person to be born after being conceived in a lab

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what is ectogenesis

fertilizing an egg outside the uterus

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what is the best known technique of having a baby for those who are unable

in vitro fertilization
-artificial form of egg fertilixation in which egg and sperm are united in a laboratory dish

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techinically, how many parents can one baby have

5
-sperm donor
-egg donor
-surrogate
-parents who raise the child

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What rules have the 2004 canadian assitsted human reproduction act set

-people may not pay for gametes or surrogacy services
-surrogate mothers cannot be under age of 21

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about what percentage of in vitro fertilization succeed, and when it does, what likelihood becomes higher

20
-having twins or triplets

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resulting 23 pairs of chromosmes after fertilization defines what in a child

their genotype - complete inherited biological makeup

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the first 22 pairs of chromosmes in a normal human cell are called what and describe the size

autosomes and are about the same size

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what is the 23rd pair fo chromosome in a human cell and describe the size

Sex chromosomes
-defines the sex of the child
-for boys on chromosome is much larger than the other
-larger=X
-smaller=Y

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an egg and sperm contain what sex chromosomes

-egg always contains an X
-sperm can contain either

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what gamete is the sex of a child determined by

sperm

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what is phenotype

a persons genotype plus all other environemntal influences that make up that person physical behavioural, psychological charactersitics

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eye colour is determined by a persons what

genotype

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a persons total facial appearance is part of a persons what

phenotype

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in sickkle cell disease, describe the genes of the child

2 alleles are present on chromosome 11
-homozygous: both alleles for sickle shaped red blood cells
-heterozygous: one for normal and other for sickle shaped

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what is single nucleotide polymorphism

a change in the expected nucleotide base at a particualr location within a strand o DNA

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is sickle shaped cells a recessive or dominant allele

dominant

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what is one reason as to why groups of people might share physical and other genetic traits and what does it mean

endogamy
-preference for mating with people from ones own social or cultural group

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what is clinical variation

continuous genetic variation observed between geographic regions

sickle cell disease primarly affects people of what heritage

african

what is a unique benefit of sickle cell

resistant to malaria (transmitted by mosquitose)

why are people from african heritage more have the highest likelihood of having sickle cell disease

those with sickle cell alleles are less likely to die from malaria, which is a disease common in warm climates passed down by mosquitos, so it was probably passed down to next generation

what is polygenic inheritance

contribution of many genes to a persons phenotypic expression

why cant we usually trace the contribution of each gene directly

because so many genes are involved in polygenic inheritance

what distribution characterizes many behavioural and psychological traits

bell shaped distribution

over history of behavioural genetic research, dozen findings indicated what about siblings cognitive and social development, and what do these findings point to the importance of

they are not very much alike -nonshared environemntal influences

what are the 2 reasons why researchers have had difficulty sorting out the objective effects of prenatal maternal stress on infant development

-peoples subjective reactions to stress vary -mothers may genetically transmit characteristics of themoerament to their developing child

in a study where they examined the impact of pregnant womens experience of stress on their infants later development what results did they find

-a major stressful event can negatively affect the language and cognitive development of an unborn child -severity and timing of the stressor can affect infant tempreamnet, physical development, behavioural and emotional functionint

which one is dominant and recessive, curly and straight hair

D: curly r: straight

which one is dominant and recessive normal hair or pattern baldness

d: normal r: baldness

which one is dominant and recessive dark or blond hair

d - dark r - blond

which one is dominant and recessive thick or thin

d - thick r - thin

which one is dominant and recessive

d - thick r - thin

which one is dominant and recessive no dimples or dimples

d - dimples r - none

which one is dominant and recessive normal hearing or some type of deafness

d - normal r - deafness

which one is dominant and recessive normal vision or nearsightedness

d - normal r - not

which one is dominant and recessive normal vision or farsightedness

d - far r - normal

which one is dominant and recessive red-green colour blindness or normal colour visiond

d - normal r - blindness

which one is dominant and recessive type a or type o blood

d - a r - o

which one is dominant and recessive type b or o blood

d - b r - o

which one is dominant and recessive rh-positive or negative blood

d - positive r - negative

what are the 2 ways genetics can derail development

-disorder inherited -eggs or sperm do not have 23 chromosomes

sickle cell disease affects people who inherit what allelles

2 recessive -homozygous

describe albinism

-skin lack melanin causes -visual problems -extreme sensitivity to light

describe cystic fibrosis

excess mucus clogs respiratory and digestive tracts -lung infections are common

desribce phenylketonuria

phenylalanine, an amino acid, accumulates in the body -damages NS causing cognitive delay

describe Tay-Sachs disease

NS degenerates in infancy causing -deafness -blindness -cognitive delay -during preschool years, death

what common disorder associated with recessive alleles is frequent in 1 in 15 000 births

albinism

what common disorder associated with recessive alleles is frequent in 1 in 3000 births among european americans, less common in africana nd asian americans

cystic fibrosis

what common disorder associated with recessive alleles is frequent in 1 in 10000 births

phenylketonuria

what common disorder associated with recessive alleles is frequent in 1 in 2500 births among jews of european descent

Tay-Sachs disease

why are relatively few serious disorders caused by dominant alleles

every person with at least one of these alleles would have disorder and individuals affected might not live long enough to reproduce

what serious disorder is caused by dominant alleles on what chromosome and describe it

Huntingtons disease -progressive degeneration of NS -chromosome 4 -typically develop normally until middle age then cells begin to deterioate

what are 3 symptoms of huntingtons disease

-muscle spasms -depression -significant changes in personality

why is Huntingtons disease one of the few serious disorders caused by dominant alleles

symptoms of huntingtons disease often appear after affected adults have produced children, many of whom go on to develop the disease themselves

what is dow syndrome caused by

genetic disroder caused by an extra 21st chromosome

what are 4 symptoms of down syndrome

-cognitive delay -almond-shaped eyes -fold over eyelid -other developmental challenges

in children with down syndrome, what parts of their body are usually smaller than normal

head, neack and nose

why is parenting a child with down syndrome challenging

in part because thier development in terms of typical milestones can be delayed

the extra chromosome in individuals with down syndrome is usuallly provided by what gamete and why

egg -reason is unknown

likelihood of women giving birth to a child with down syndrome in her late 20s and early 40s

20 - 1 in 1000 40 - 1 in 50

what is a possible reason as to why the older a women is, the higher the chance of giving birth to a child with down syndrome

since eggs have been in ovaries since prenatal dvelopment, eggs migth deterioate over time as part of aging or longer history of exposure to hazards in the environement

what are 4 of the most frequent disroders associated with atypical numbrs of X and Y chromosomes in order starting with most frequent

-klinefelters syndrome -XYY complement -Turners syndrome -XXX syndrome

whcih are more frequent, PKU and huntington diseases or abnormal sex chromosomes

sex chromosomes

chromome s of Klinefelters syndrome and characteristics

XXY -tall -small testicles -sterile -below normal intelligence -passive

XXY complement characteristics

-tall -some cases have belo normal intelligence

chromosome of turners syndrome and characterisitcs

X -short -limited development of sexondary sex characteristics -problem perciving spatial

characteristics of XXX syndrome

-normal stature (height) but delayed motor and language development

how do genes cause behaviour

indirectly -by making behaviours more or less likely

what is genetic reductionism

reducing the cause of environmental conditions and behaviours exclusively to genes

what causes phenylketonuria

msising an enzyme needed to break down phenylalanine -when this accumulates, damages the NS and leads to cognitive delay

why are there warnings on product that contains phenylanine like diet pop

researchers have found that children with phenylketonuria who are not exposed to phenylalanine will have normal intelligence

what is reaction range

extent to which full genetic expression can occur, based on the limits imposed by the environment

describe passive-gene environment relation

parents pass on genotypes tot heir children and provide much of the early environemnt for their young children -children are passive recipients of heredity and environment

describe evocative gene-environment relation

relationship between heredity and environment in which different genotypes evoke different responses from the environment -a childs genotype evokes people to respond differently to the child