Chapter 9 - Cognitive Devel. in Preschoolers Flashcards by Danica Prociuk

many 4 year olds theories of biology include what 5 elements

movement
growth
internal parts
inheritance
healing

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what do preschoolers understand about movement

that animals can move themselves but inanimate objects can be moved only by other objects or people

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what do children understand about growth

from first appearance animals get bigger and physically more complex but that inanimate objects do not change in this way

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what do 4 year olds know about internal parts

blood and bones are more likely to be inside an animate object but that cotton and metal are more likely to be inside an inanimate object

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what do children realize about inheritance

only living things have offspring that resemble their parents

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what do 4 year olds understand about healing

animate things, when injured, heal by regrowth whereas inanimate things, whne broken must be fixed by humans

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what is a common misconception of preschoolers biolody theory

adopted children will physically resemble their adoptive parents

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what is a theory of mind

persons understanding of the relations between mind and behviour

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what is the 1st phase of a preschoolers theory of mind

2 years old
-aware of desires and often speak of their wants and likes
-alsoc link their desires to their behaviour
-understand that they and other people have desires and that desires are related to behaviour

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what is the second phase of a preschoolers theory of mind

3 years old
-clearly distinguish the mental world from the physical world
-use mental verbs like think, believe ect.
-usually emphasize desires when trying to exlain why people act as they do
-become capable of lying to cover up bad behaviour

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what is the 3rd phase of a preschoolers theory of mind

4 years old
-mental states take center stage in childrens understanding of their own and others actions
-understanf that their own and others behaviour is absed on their beliefs about events and situations, even when those beliefs are wrong

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what is necassary for a child to engage in pretend play with other children

theory of mind

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deficits in pretend play for children with autism may be linked to what

deficits in theory of mind

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theory of mind deficits may be due to difficulties in what

executive functinoing present early in life
-childs ability to engage in intentional, self-regulated behaviours

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what have some researchers noticed in children with autism that could potentially disrupt information processing

white matter abnormalities
-particurlarly across the corpus callosum

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what are false belief tasks

situation is set up so that the child being tested has accurate info but someone else does not

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what plays a role in developing theory of mind and describe

counterfactual thinking
-persons understanding that a situation or fact is counter or opposite to reality

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age relate improvements in reasoning and problem solving can be linkged to childrens continuous improvements in what

information processing asa well as increased retention of information in working memory

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in information processing what is attention

process by which we select info to be processed further

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when does attention improve in child development

preschool years

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although preschool children are more attentiv than younger children, what do they struggle with

spent less than half the time in a state of focused attention

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why does attention usually improve with age

-older children are more likely to remind themselves to pay attention
-more liekly to have picked up on some strategies for improving their attention

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in attention, what is a strategy that improves accuracy and efficiency in making comparisons

systemic comparison

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when children are able to observe the gestures and eye gaze of an adult along with hearing a new word, what can they figure out

what the word might mean

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where does autobiographical memory originate

in preschool years whne parents encourage children to think about the past by asking them to recall recent events

when parents reminisce about events in a highly elaborate manner, asking many questions with new info contained in them and discussing childrens responses, their children tend to what

remember those events in mroe ocmplex detail when they recall them later

what is the one to one principle

must be one and only one number name for each object that is counted ex: counts 3 objects as 1, 2, a -number of numbr words matches the number of objecys

what is the stable order principle

number names must be counted in same order ex: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

what is the cardinality principle

last number name differs from previous ones in a counting sequence by denoting the number of objects in a set ex: reveal understanding of this principle by repeating the last number name, often with emphasis "1, 2, 4, 8, EIGHT"

during when do children master the counting principles

in preschool years

if a child has mastered all the counting principles, will they always count correctly

no -must mast conventional seuquence of number names and counting principles to count accurately

why do childre stop counting at a numbre ending in 9

cause dont know the next decade name

learning to count beyond 10 is more complicated in what language

english

whta 3 language number systems are almost perfectly regularly

chines japanese korena

preschoolers abilitty to perform simple arithmetic operations is affected by what

information they are able to hold in working memory

what else can affect a childs learning int erms of counting and early reading skills

temperament

a childs processing speed supports greater ability in working memory which may have a direct impact on what

ability to engage in inductive reasoning

how does piaget and neo-piagetian theorists describe childrens developmental journey

as one they make alone

Kessen pointed out that what should be avoided in theory and research in child development

seeing child as a unit of analysis seperate from other people and culture

how did vygotsky see development of c hild

social relationship through which children collaborate with others who are more experienced

vygotsky believes that for children, learning arises when what

oiut of their interactions with their caregivers

why are vygotskys ideas imporant

fill some gaps in the piagetian and neo-piagetian accounts

what were vygotskys 2 primary contributions to field of psych

socio-cultural theory of cognitive developent -his support for a theory of disability

what is zone of proximal development

difference between what a child can do without support of experienced caregiver and what the child can do with the support

what is scaffolding

teaching style that matches the amount of necessary assistance to the learners needs -giving help but not more than is needed

what is private speech in vygotsky theory

comments not directed ot tohers but that help children regulate their own behaviour -talk to themselves while playing

what is vygotskys term for thought

inner speech

when will a child use private speech most

on difficult tasks rather than easy oens

deaf children with deaf mothers tended to use what type of private speeach compared to those who did not

more sophisticated an mature form

what are 3 theories that help understanding cognition through thte preschool years

piagets information processing vygotskys wokr

children learn words more rapidly if their parents do what

parents speak to them often

when parents carefully describe pictures as they read and askingchildren questions, how does this impact the childs vocabulry

increases

why is questinoing effective when it comes to a childs vocabulary

must match the new word with the pictured activity, and say word aloud -when not asking questions, children can ignore words they dont understand

children are most likely to learn new words when what

they participate in activties that force them to understnad the meanings of the new words and use those new words

bilingual preschoolers are more liekly to what

-understand that the printed form of a word is unrelated to the meaning -understand that words are simply arbitrary symbols -do better on tasks of selective attention and tasks requiring complex information processing along with fast reaction time

french speaking preschoolers performed more poorly on what tasks

counting and number recognition

when it comes to recalling word and cognitive control, monologue or bilingual chilren are better

monologue: word recall bilingual: cognitive control

what are the 6 principles for supporting second language learning in children

-learn what they hear most -learn words for things and events that interest them -interactive and responsive rather than passive contexts promote language learning -learn new words best in meaningful contxts -need to hear diverse exmamles of words and language structures -vocabulary and grammatical development are reciprocal processes

what is telegraphic speech

talk consisting only of words directly relevant to meaning such as important verbs and nouns

what are the 9 possible components of words to express meaning during two word stage

agent (person) action possesor (my, your) possesion object location entity (when describing something about an object, this refers to the object) demonstrative (that) attribute

what are grammatical morphemes

words or endings of words that make a sentence grammatical

childrens use of grammatical morphemes is based on what and not jsut memory for individual words

growing knowledge of grammatical rules

what is overregularization

applying rules to words that are exceptions to the rule

children know general rule in grammar but not what

all th ewords that are excpetions of s specfic rule

what is one of the first gramamtical morphemes children master

rule for plurasl - to add s

in context of grammar, by the end of rpeschool years, children have typically mastered what

most of the rules that govern grammatical morphemes

most childrens sentences are what

novel

when children adult sentences, they do not what

imitate adult gramar

according to the view that if grammatical rules are not acquired throguh imitation and reinformcent, perhaps children are born with mechanisms that simplify the task they are born with what

neural circuits that allo them to infer grammar of language they hear -processes that guide the learning of grammar

what is brocas are

region in left frontal cortex necessary for combining words into meaningful sentences

if grammar is learned solely through imiataion and reifnorcemnt then it should be possible for what

teach rudimentary grammar to nonhumans

what have chimpanzes mastered when it comes to human language

only simply grammatical rules governing 2 word speech -with intensive and sustained effort (completely unlike preschool chidlrens automatic learning)

when is the critical period for learning language if it is not mastered during this time what

birth to 12 years -never truly master language later

individuals master grammar of a foreign language at level of a native speaker only if they are what

exposed to language prior to adolescence

in order for people to be able to master a language as well as a native born speaker, they must start to learn ti prior to what age

what is the semantic bootstrapping hypothesis

children rely upon their knowledge of word meanings to discover grammatical rules

majority of childrens errors in grammar are go what

uncorrected by parents

to help children with taking turns when it comes to communicating what do they do

carry both sides of a conversation to demonstrate how the roles of speaker and listener alternate

how do preschool children seem to interprest the lack of response

didnt hear me so ill say it again louder

when is the first deliberate attempt to communicate

around 10 months

what are toddlers first convos about

themselves

how do preschoolers formulating a clear message

-senstive to importance of audience -give mroe elaborate messages to listeners who are unfamiliar with topic

full day kindergarten in canda may not have what

long term benefitr for as many children as anticipated -positive outcomes limitied to better numeracy skills in girls from low-income areas

what is a benefit of full day kindergarten

large cost saving for famikly instead of paying for daycare

in china, what do parents want from preschools

emphasize academic preperation

in japan what do parents want from preschools

learn value of being a good group member

in creayin preschool programs, many childhood educators have found what theory to be a rich source of ideas

piagets

the ebst teaching experieneces are slightly what

ahead of the childrens current skills

teachers should encourage children to look at the consistency of their thinking but let children tak the lead in qhat

sortin out the inconsistencies

children who graduate from programs that embrace most of NAEYC or CAYC guidlines tend to what

be better prepared for kindergarten and grade 1 -behaviour in classroom more appropriate and work harder and do beter in school

Head start graduates are less likely to what

repeat grade level or be placed in special education classes

head start graduates are moer likely to what

graduate from highschool

preschoolrs who watched childrens television sesame street in 1969 were more what

proficient at the targeted academic skills than those who watched it infrequently -also adjusted to school more readily

does seasme street remain effective

yes

which are prtrayed more frequently in tv shows,p prosocial or agressive behaviours

agressive

because of tv prigrams consist of many brief segments presented inr apid succession children who watch a lot develop what

short attention spans and have difficulty concentrating in school

researchers have found evidence for connections between early media exposure and what in children

attentional problems

because tv provides ready made, simple to interpret images, children who watch a lot become what

passive, lazy thinkers who are less creative

are the criticisms of tv consistently supported by reasearch

in reality tv viewing does not lead to reduced attentin, greater impulsisvity, reduced task persistence or increased activity lvele, tru or false

ture

s study reported connection between watching 3 or mor hours of television per day with what

attention problems in adolescence

many studies found no link between amount of tv viewing and what

creativity

what is one idea as to why negative effects of children watching tv are not found more consistently

effects may depend on what programs children watch and not simply how much they watch

si there strong evidence that exists that tv wathching has harmful effects on childrens ocgnition

extended televions watching promotes what

-obesity -detracts from physical activity -reduces face to face time with children and adults

television watching should be discouraged in children under what age