Chapter 3: Hemodynamic Disorders, Thromboembolism, and Shock Flashcards
(52 cards)
This is the active process of increasing blood volume within tissues. It is done by arteriolar dilation, causes tissue erythema (redness), and results from inflammation or exercise.
Hyperemia
This is the passive process of increasing blood volume within tissues. It is done by decreasing venous outflow, causes tissue cyanosis (blue), and results from venous obstruction.
Congestion (congestive heart failure, DVT (deep vein thrombosis), testicular torsion)
This this type of congestion is characterized by alveolar capillary engorgement, edema, and hemorrhage.
Acute pulmonary congestion (Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS))
This type of congestion is characterized by the alveolar septa becoming fibrotic and the presence of alveolar macrophages and hemosiderin (“heart failure cells”)
Chronic pulmonary congestion (congestive heart failure (CHF))
This type of congestion is characterized by a “nutmeg liver”, steatosis, fibrosis (cirrhosis), hemorrhage, and necrosis.
Congestive hepatophy (hepatic congestion (CHF)
This is an abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid within tissues or cavities.
Edema
What are the two opposing forces involved in fluid balance?
- Hydrostatic pressure: BP, pushes H2O out
- Osmostic pressure: plasma proteins, pulls H2O in
An increase in this type of pressure is characterized by an increased intravascular pressure most likely caused by impaired venous return.
Hydrostatic pressure
This is determined by plasma proteins, specifically albumin. It can be caused by a decrease in albumin production (cirrhosis, hepatitis) or increased loss of albumin (nephrotic syndrome).
Reduced plasma osmotic pressure (leads to generalized edema)
What are some additional causes of edema?
- Lymphatic obstruction (lymphedema)
- Retention of sodium
- Inflammation
What are the features of edema?
- It can occur in any tissue
- Decrease in wound healing
- May indicate pathology (inflammation, left ventricular failure, renal failure, cerebral edema)
This type of edema is characterized by transudate (protein-poor) fluid and no osmosis.
Pitting edema
This type of edema is characterized by exudate (protein-rich) fluid and osmosis.
Non-pitting edema
This term is used to describe an extravasation of blood from vessels. External or internal bleeding.
Hemorrhage
This term is used to describe an accumulation of blood within tissue.
Hematoma
How is the severity of hemorrhage determined?
- The extent and site of it
- Rate and volume of blood lost
This type of hemorrhage is often found in people with decreased platelets and Vitamin C. The areas are often 1-2 mm large.
Petechiae
This type of hemorrhage is caused by trauma, vasculitis, fragile vessels, or Kaposi sarcoma (AIDS). The areas are often 3-5 mm large.
Purpura
This type of hemorrhage often starts off with a reddish/blue color due to the presence of hemoglobin, transitions to a greenish color as hemoglobin is broken down into bilirubin, and then a yellowish color as bilirubin is broken down into hemosiderin. The areas are typically 1-2 cm large.
Ecchymosis
This term is used to describe clot formation inside a vessel.
Thrombosis
What three factors compose virchow’s triad?
Endothelial injury, abnormal blood flow, and hypercoagulability
These types of thrombi occur at the site of injury and grows against the flow of blood. They can result in infarction.
Arterial thrombi
These types of thrombi occur at the site of stasis and grow in the direction blood flow. They can result in congestion, tenderness, and pitting edema.
Venous thrombi
These types of thrombi occur on the heart valves and can either be sterile or infective (bacteria, fungi).
Vegetations
