Chapter 7: Environmental and Nutritional Diseases

Question 1

This is the study of adverse effects of chemicals (poisons) on living organisms.

Answer 1

Toxicology

Question 2

These type of chemicals are those that are not produced/expected in an organism, but found inside.

Answer 2

Xenobiotic

Question 3

What organ is most vulnerable to environmental pollution?

Answer 3

Lungs

Question 4

This environmental pollution is produced by automobile exhaust leading to smog. It can cause an increased risk of asthma or emphysema leading to increased inflammation and decreased function.

Answer 4

Ozone

Question 5

These environmental pollutants are formed by burning fossil fuels and can be

Answer 5

Sulfur dioxide, particulates, and acid aerosols

Question 6

This is a colorless, tasteless, odorless, non-irritating gas that is created due to incomplete oxidation of carbonaceous material. It can lead to CNS depression and lethal hypoxia.

Answer 6

Carbon monoxide

Question 7

What is the most common indoor pollutant?

Answer 7

Tobacco smoke

Question 8

This is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas. It is formed by the radioactive decay of uranium in soil and can increase the risk of lung cancer, especially when combined with a previous lung condition or smoking.

Answer 8

Radon

Question 9

These indoor pollutants are airborne particles that contain or were from living organisms.

Answer 9

Bioaerosols

Question 10

What are the four most common metallic environmental pollutants?

Answer 10

Lead, mercury, arsenic, and cadmium

Question 11

This metallic environmental pollutant is more likely to be absorbed by children and can cause irreversible CNS defects. Adults tend to experience reversible peripheral neuropathies as side effects.

Answer 11

Lead

Question 12

This metallic environmental pollutant is very sensitive to the developing brain and bioaccumulates in neurons (blocks ion channels).

Answer 12

Mercury (methyl mercury)

Thimerosol (ethyl mercury): not as harmful

Question 13

This condition may result from toxic exposure to mercury and can result in ataxia, numbness, deafness, blindness, or cerebral palsy.

Answer 13

Minamata disease

Question 14

This metallic environmental pollutant interferes with oxidative phosphorylation and can cause characteristic skin reactions. Exposure may lead to an increased risk of skin/lung cancer.

Answer 14

Arsenic

Question 15

This metallic environmental pollutant is found in some batteries and may damage lungs, kidneys, and bones. It is more of a modern problem.

Answer 15

Cadmium

Question 16

This condition is a result of toxic exposure to cadmium and can result in bone loss and renal failure.

Answer 16

Itai-Itai disease

Question 17

Benzene is an example of this industrial/agricultural toxin.

Answer 17

Organic solvents

Question 18

Tar and soot are examples of this industrial/agricultural toxin.

Answer 18

Polycyclic hydrocarbons

Question 19

Pesticide and DDT are examples of this industrial/agricultural toxin.

Answer 19

Organochlorines

Question 20

This toxic substance can result in an increase in cardiovascular disorders. Various cancers may arise from its usage (lung, oral, pharyngeal, esophageal, pancreatic, and bladder).

Answer 20

Tobacco

Question 21

This toxic substance may alter mood. In excess it can cause psychological and physical harm and can be absorbed, unaltered, in the stomach and small intestine.

Answer 21

Alcohol (ethanol/ethyl alcohol)

Question 22

What metabolizes alcohol in the liver?

Answer 22

Cytochrome P-450

Question 23

This condition results when there is a defective acetaldehyde dehydrogenase. It can result in flushing, tachycardia, and tachypnea. It affects 50% of Asians.

Answer 23

Alcohol Flush Reaction

Question 24

Steatosis and cirrhosis are commonly associated with what type of alcoholism?

Answer 24

Chronic alcoholism

Question 25

This syndrome is a result of chronic alcoholism. It is characterized by thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency, varying forms of amnesia, and confabulation (creation of fake memories).

Answer 25

Korsakoff syndrome

Question 26

How many drinks per day can increase HDLs and inhibits clotting?

Answer 26

1 drink/day

Question 27

This condition is a result of drinking in the 1st trimester and can result in permanent CNS damage, microcephaly, cognitive delays, and facial malformations.

Answer 27

Fetal alcohol syndrome

Question 28

This type of mechanical trauma is characterized by damage to the epidermis.

Answer 28

Abrasion

Question 29

This type of mechanical trauma is characterized by blunt trauma, which may damage vessels and result in extravasation of blood.

Answer 29

Contusion (bruising)

Question 30

This type of mechanical trauma is characterized by jagged borders and tears of tissue. Can be caused by a blunt object.

Answer 30

Laceration

Question 31

This type of mechanical trauma is characterized by smooth borders at the site of tissue injury and usually caused by a sharp object.

Answer 31

Incision

Question 32

This type of mechanical trauma is caused by a slender object that may or may not have an exit site.

Answer 32

- Puncture | - If there is an exit site it is characterized as a penetrating wound

Question 33

This type of injury is caused by excessive heat or cold. The severity depends on the depth of damage, % of body surface affected, and internal damage (inhalation).

Answer 33

Thermal injury

Question 34

What are some of the major health concerns of a thermal injury?

Answer 34

- Hypovolemic shock: >20% of surface is affected | - Sepsis, which leads to organ failure (most common is Pseudomonas aeruginosa)

Question 35

1st and 2nd degree burns are characterized by pink skin, blisters, and is painful. What type of thickness are these characterized as?

Answer 35

Partial thickness

Question 36

3rd and 4th degree burns are characterized by epidermal and dermal destruction. The skin is white/charred/dry and requires anesthetic to deal with. Necrosis and sepsis are big risks after this type of burn. What type of thickness are these characterized as?

Answer 36

Full-thickness

Question 37

What type of tissue is typically formed as a 3rd or 4th degree burn is healing?

Answer 37

Scar/fibrous tissue

Question 38

This type of thermal injury is characterized by an internal temperature (rectal) of >/=105.1 F. A progression from heat cramps, to heat exhaustion, and eventually to heat stroke commonly occurs.

Answer 38

Hyperthermia

Question 39

This type of thermal injury is characterized by an internal temperature of <50), atrial fibrillation, and cellular chilling/freezing.

Answer 39

Hypothermia

Question 40

This type of injury is caused by low/high voltages and can result in thermal burns, cardiorespiratory failure, or medullary paralysis.

Answer 40

Electrical injury

Question 41

What determines the severity of electrical injury?

Answer 41

Amperage and pathway the electricity takes.

Question 42

This is high energy radiation that is capable of liberating an electron and thereby creating an ionization cascade

Answer 42

Ionizing radiation

Question 43

What is CT?

Answer 43

X-ray computed tomography

Question 44

What factors determine the severity of ionizing radiation?

Answer 44

- Rate of delivery - Field size (larger=worse) - Tissues being targeted - Radiolysis - Vascular damage

Question 45

This measures the dosage of ionizing radiation.

Answer 45

Dosimeter

Question 46

What is the term used to describe a narrowing of the field size for ionizing radiation?

Answer 46

Collimation

Question 47

What are some common consequences of ionizing radiation?

Answer 47

- Carcinogensis | - Fibrosis

Question 48

What types of cells are the sensitive to ionizing radiation?

Answer 48

- Labile cells are the most sensitive - Hematopoietic and lymphoid cells are sensitive as well - Ocular lens (cataracts)

Question 49

Are mature red blood cells radioresistant?

Answer 49

Yes