Chapter 3: Inclusion and Identity

Question 1

the single individual changes from an outsider into an insider by joining a group

Answer 1

Inclusion

Question 2

group members begin to think about the good of the group as a whole

Answer 2

Collectivism

Question 3

individuals change their conception of who they are to include their group’s qualities as well as their own individual qualities

Answer 3

Transformation

Question 4

the dispositional tendency to seek out and join with other humans

Answer 4

Need to belong

Question 5

excluding a person or group of people from a group, usually by shunning, or explicitly banishing them

Answer 5

Ostracism

Question 6

The exclusion of one or more individuals from a technologically mediated group interaction, such as a computer-based discussion group.

Answer 6

Cyberostracism

Question 7

A physiological response to stressful events characterized by the activation of the sympathetic nervous system (increased heart rate, pupil dilation) that readies the individual to counter the threat (fight) or to escape the threat (flight).

Answer 7

Fight or Flight response

Question 8

An interpersonal response to stressful events characterized by increased nurturing, protective, and supportive behaviors (tending) and by seeking out connections to other people (befriending).

Answer 8

Tend and befriend response

Question 9

proposes that self-esteem is a psychological gauge of the degree to which people perceive that they are relationally valued and socially accepted by other people.

Answer 9

Sociometer theory

Question 10

suggests that the need to belong resulted from natural selection as individuals who were affiliated with groups were more likely to survive.

Answer 10

Evolutionary psychology

Question 11

the idea that humans are instinctively drawn together with other humans

Answer 11

Herd instinct

Question 12

emphasizes the primacy of the individual and his or her rights, independence, and relationships with other individuals.

Answer 12

Individualism

Question 13

emphasizes the primacy of the group or community rather than each individual person

Answer 13

Collectivism

Question 14

An interpersonal association between individuals who are more concerned with what others get rather than what they themselves receive.

Answer 14

Communal relationship

Question 15

An interpersonal association between individuals based on each person’s desire to increase the rewards they receive from others in the relationship.

Answer 15

Exchange relationship

Question 16

A social standard that encourages distributing rewards and resources to members in proportion to their inputs.

Answer 16

Equity norm

Question 17

A social standard that encourages distributing rewards and resources equally among all members.

Answer 17

Equality norm

Question 18

Emphasizing one’s own needs, perspective, and importance, particularly in contrast to those of other individuals or the group

Answer 18

Self-serving tendencies

Question 19

Emphasizing the group’s needs, perspectives, and importance, particularly in contrast to those of individual members or oneself

Answer 19

group serving

Question 20

involves automatically classifying people into categories.

Answer 20

social categorization

Question 21

involves bonding with and taking on the characteristics of one’s groups

Answer 21

identification

Question 22

individuals can stress their association with successful groups.

Answer 22

basking in reflected glory (BIRGing)

Question 23

they minimize their connection to stigmatized or unsuccessful group identities.

Answer 23

cutting off reflected failure (CORFing)