Chapter 3 Lecture Notes

Question 1

Etiology

Answer 1

Underlying cause of a symptom or deficit

Question 2

Common etiologies

Answer 2

Stroke
Traumatic brain injury
Degenerative diseases

Question 3

Idiopathic

Answer 3

Etiology that is unknown

Question 4

Stroke (cerebrovascular accident)

Answer 4

blood flow being interrupted in the brain by a blood clot or a hemorrhage

Question 5

Factors that contribute to strokes

Answer 5

History of tobacco
Physical inactivity
Atrial fibrillation
High blood pressure

Question 6

Anoxia

Answer 6

lack of oxygen supply to tissue

Question 7

Hypoxia

Answer 7

partial loss of oxygen supply to tissue

Question 8

Ischemic stroke

Answer 8

when blood vessel supplying blood flow to the brain stops

Question 9

Ishemic Stroke Symptoms

Answer 9

Loss sensation on one side of the body

Problems with speech and language

Changes in vision or balance

Question 10

Form of ischemic stroke

Answer 10

Thrombotic stroke and Embolic stroke

Question 11

Thrombotic stroke

Answer 11

thrombus interrupts blood flow to the brain

Question 12

Atherosclerosis

Answer 12

there is buildup of fatty things like cholesterol in the blood

Question 13

Embolic stroke

Answer 13

embolus formed and travels to the brain and lodges in a blood vessel

Question 14

Transient ischemic attack

Answer 14

mini stroke that resolves in 24 hours

Question 15

Hemorrhagic stroke

Answer 15

when a blood vessel in the brain ruptures

Question 16

Hemorrhagic stroke occurs when…

Answer 16

High blood pressure, during period of high activity, alcohol abuse

Question 17

Forms of hemorrhagic stroke

Answer 17

Subarachnoid and Intracerebral

Question 18

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

Answer 18

bleed that happens between the cerebrum and skull

Question 19

Intracerebral hemorrhage

Answer 19

blood vessel burst within the brain itself
Intracranial pressure: pressure in the skull and brain is exposed

Question 20

Aneurysm

Answer 20

abnormal stretching and ballooning of the wall of blood vessel

Question 21

Aneurysm results from

Answer 21

Disease, hereditary factors, high blood pressure

Question 22

Symptoms of cerebral aneurysm

Answer 22

Severe headache
Nausea
Vomiting
Blurred vision
Or NO SYMPTOMS

Question 23

Traumatic brain injury

Answer 23

serious damage to the brain happens as result to external and forceful event

Question 24

Golden hour

Answer 24

the first hour following a stroke or a TBI

Question 25

Toxic brain injury

Answer 25

damage to the brain from high levels of poisonous substances

Question 26

Deficits for overdosing on opioids

Answer 26

Fine motor skills Visual attention Working memory Decision making

Question 27

Brain tumor

Answer 27

abnormal growth of cells in the brain

Question 28

Primary tumor

Answer 28

a tumor that originates from the brain, not somewhere else

Question 29

Metastatic tumor

Answer 29

cancerous tumor that has spread from another part of the body

Question 30

Oligodendroglioma

Answer 30

tumor arising from oligodendrocytes

Question 31

Biopsy

Answer 31

minor surgery to remove a piece of tissue

Question 32

Malignant brain tumor

Answer 32

Brain cancer Can quickly spread to other parts of the body

Question 33

Benign brain tumor

Answer 33

Can’t spread to other parts of the body Non-cancerous

Question 34

Mass effect

Answer 34

crushes areas in the brain

Question 35

Surgical trauma

Answer 35

damage to the tissues in the brain due to surgery

Question 36

Encephalitis

Answer 36

acute infection or inflammation of the brain or spinal cord

Question 37

Encephalitis lethargica

Answer 37

causes inflammation and damage to the midbrain, basal ganglia, and substantia nigra

Question 38

Reasmussen’s Encephalitis

Answer 38

inflammation in the left or right cerebral hemisphere

Question 39

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease

Answer 39

affects the CNS, degenerative and fatal brain disease caused by a protein called prion

Question 40

Poliomyelitis

Answer 40

Virus that attacks the motor nerve tracts of the PNS (viral)

Question 41

Spinal polio

Answer 41

polio affecting the spinal nerves

Question 42

Bulbar polio

Answer 42

polio affecting the cranial nerves

Question 43

Bulbospinal polio

Answer 43

both cranial and spinal nerves affected

Question 44

Seizure

Answer 44

sudden abnormal level of electrical discharge in the brain

Question 45

Stages of a seizure

Answer 45

Aura: period before the seizure, may experience some warning signs that the seizure is imminent (headache, deja vu, panic, nausea, radical mood changes) Ictus: main stage of the seizure, begin to be unconscious Postictus: period after the seizure - they are confused, might experience memory loss, weakness, and depression

Question 46

Partial seizure

Answer 46

pathologic levels of electrical activity are confined to a region of the brain

Question 47

Forms of partial seizures

Answer 47

Simple partial seizure: consciousness maintained during seizure Complex partial seizure: cause an altered state of consciousness

Question 48

Generalized seizures

Answer 48

seizure is in the whole brain and the person loses consciousness

Question 49

Forms of generalized seizures

Answer 49

Tonic-clonic seizure: makes two distinct phases during the ictus Tonic phase: loss of consciousness and body stiffens Clonic phase: body convulses violently

Question 50

Petit mal seizure

Answer 50

Loss awareness for a few seconds No motor activity, shaking, or convulsing