Chapter 3: Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
(220 cards)
1
Q
ligaments
A
connect bone to bone
2
Q
tendons
A
connect bone to muscle
3
Q
fascia, fasci/o
A
tough, fibrous covering of the muscles
4
Q
cartilage
A
flexible, connective tissue covering the ends of many bones, providing support and protection. Also forms the outer ear and tip of the nose.
5
Q
hematopoiesis
A
continual formation of blood in the bone marrow
6
Q
orthopedics/orthopedist
A
specialty dealing with musculoskeletal system
7
Q
Rheumatology/rheumatologist
A
Specialty dealing with disorders of connective tissue, esp bone and cartilage
8
Q
articular
A
pertaining to the arteries
9
Q
tendinous
A
pertaining to a tendon
10
Q
muscular
A
pertaining to a muscle
11
Q
syndesmal
A
pertaining to a ligament
12
Q
chrondal
A
pertaining to cartilage
13
Q
osseous
A
pertaining to bone
14
Q
axial skeleton
A
skull, rib cage, spine
15
Q
appendicular skeleton
A
All non-axial (arms, legs, shoulder, hips, pelvic, etc.)
16
Q
osteocytes
A
mature bone cells
17
Q
matrix
A
material between bone cells (osteocytes)
18
Q
osteoblasts
A
cells that build bone
19
Q
osteoclasts
A
cells that break down bone cells to use as needed
20
Q
spongy or cancellous bone
A
inner layer of bone tissue
21
Q
diaphysis
A
long shaft of bone
22
Q
epiphysis
A
end of the bone
23
Q
epiphyseal plates
A
areas where bone growth occurs
24
Q
metaphysis
A
the epiphysis and the epiphyseal plates together form this
25
periosteum
outer covering of the bone
26
endosteum
inner aspect of the bone
27
bone depression
any groove, opening, or hollow space in a bone
28
bone processes
raised areas of bone, often connection points for tendons and ligaments
29
foramen (foramin/o)
an opening or whole
30
fossa (foss/o)
a hollow or depression, esp on the surface of the end of a bone
31
condyle (condyl/o)
rounded projection at the end of a bone that anchors the ligament and articulates with adjacent bones
32
crest
a narrow, elongated elevation
33
epicondyle
a projection on the surface of the bone above the condyle
34
trochanter
bony projections on the end of femurs.
35
tubercle (tubercul/o)
a nodule or small raised area
36
tuberosity
larger than a tubercle
37
Skull parts
Cranium and Facial bones
38
Frontal bone
forehead, anterior skull
39
Parietal bones
sides of the cranium
40
Occipital bone
back of the skull.
41
foramen magnum
large hole in the Occipital bone for the spine
42
Temporal bones
lower sides of the cranium
43
Mastoid process
posterior part of the Temporal behind the ears
44
Ethmoid bone
forms roof and walls of nasal cavity
45
Sphenoid bone
Anterior to the temporal
46
Paranasal sinuses
air-filled cavities that are names for the bones in which they are located.
47
Zygoma / Zygomatic
cheekbone
48
Lacrimal bones
paired bones at the corner of each eye that cradle the tear ducts
49
Maxilla / Maxillary bones
Upper jaw
50
mandible / mandibular bone
Lower jaw
51
Vomer
posterior part of the nasal septal wall
52
Palatine bone
part of the roof of the mouth
53
nasal turbinates (conchae)
part of the interior of the nose
54
Nasal bones
pair of small bones that make up the bridge of the nose
55
ribs
12-pairs of flat attached to the thoracic vertebrae posterior and to the costochondral tissue in the front
56
True ribs
7 pair attached directly to the sternum
57
False Ribs
5 ribs attached to the Sternum with cartilage
58
Floating Ribs
2 pairs of false ribs not attached to the Sternum at all.
59
Sternum
breast bone
60
xiphoid process
sharp point at the most inferior point of the Sternum
61
Spinal or Vertebral Column
series of 26 bones (vertebrae) running from the neck to the tailbone
62
cervical
Region: Neck bones C1-C7
63
thoracic
Region: upper back, T1-T12
64
lumbar
Region: Lower back L1-L5
65
sacral
Region: Sacrum, S1-S5, 5 bones, fused
66
coccygeal
Region: tailbone
67
scapula
shoulder blades
68
acromion process
lateral protrusion of the scapula the forms the highest part of the shoulder
69
clavicle
collar bone
70
humerus
Upper arm bone
71
radius
lower lateral arm bone, parallel to the ulna. Thumb side
72
ulna
lower medial arm bone. pinky side.
73
olecranon
proximal projection of the Ulna that forms the tip of the elbow
74
carpus
one of eight wrist bones
75
metacarpus
one of five bones that form the middle of the hand
76
phalanx (phalanges)
one of 14 bones that constitute the fingers of each hand
77
digitus
refers to the whole finger or toe (all the bones involved)
78
acetabulum
the socket into which the femal head fits
79
Ilium
Superior and widest bone of the Pelvis
80
Ischium
Lower portion of the pelvic bone
81
Pubis
Anterior part of the pelvic bone
82
Femur
Upper leg bone, thigh bone
83
Patella
kneecap
84
Tibia
Shine bone, lower medial leg bone
85
Fibula
smaller, lower lateral leg bone
86
Malleolus
process on the distal ends of the tibia and fibula
87
Tarsus (tarsals)
1 of 7 bones of the ankle, hindfoot, and midfoot
88
calcaneus
heel bone
89
Metatarsus (Metatarsals)
1 of 5 foot bones between the tarsals and the phalanges
90
ROM
Range of Motion
91
rhabdomy/o (skeletal)
striated or skeletal muscle (voluntary)
92
synarthroses
immovable joints (no ROM)
93
Amphiarthroses
lightly movable joints (limited ROM)
94
Diarthroses (synovial joints)
Freely movable joints (full ROM)
95
bursae
sacks of fluid between the bones and tendons that hold the muscles in place at the joint.
96
menisci
crescent-shaped cartilage between the femur and tibia in the knee joint
97
muscle
tissue composed of cells that can contract and relax to allow movement
98
Skeletal, Smooth, Heart
Three muscle functions, respectively voluntary movement, involuntary organ movement, blood pump
99
abduction
movement away from the midline
100
adduction
movement toward the midline
101
muscle naming conventions
location, number of insertions, size, shape, muscle action, origin/insertion.
102
Origin
bone at the end of the attachment that does not move and is nearest to the trunk
103
insertion
bone at the end of the attachment that does move and is farthest from the trunk
104
action
the function of the muscle
105
extension
muscle action that increases joint angle
106
flexion
muscle action that decreases joint angle
107
supination
turning upward
108
pronation
turning downward
109
dorsiflexion
process of bending back
110
plantar flexion
lowering the foot, pointing the toes
111
eversion
turning out
112
inversion
turning in
113
protraction
process of pulling forward, the forward movement of a muscle
114
retraction
process of pulling back, backward movement of a muscle
115
rotation
process of a bone turning on it's axis
116
circumduction
process of carrying around, the circular movement of the distal end of a limb around it's point of attachment
117
muscular dystrophy
progressive atrophy of muscles without degeneration of neural tissues
118
Talipes
clubfoot
119
spina bifida
Congenital fissure of the vertebral column
120
exostosis
benign growth projecting outward from the bone
121
Osteophytosis
abnormal bone growth (phyt/o = growth) in a joint
122
Achondroplasia
abnormal cartilage growth at long bone and skull epiphyses, resulting in dwarfism (–plasia = growth or development).
123
polydactyly
a congenital developmental condition marked by the presence of more than the normal number (poly–) of toes or fingers (dactyl/o).
124
syndactyly
joined or webbed fingers or toes
125
torticollis
contraction of the muscles of the neck. (wryneck)
126
osteodynia
bone pain
127
osteitis deformans
Paget disease. misshapen bone resulting from inflamation.
128
scoliosis
This condition is characterized by a lateral "S" curve of the spine
129
scoli/o
crooked or bent
130
osteomalacia
softening of the bones
131
osteomyelitis
inflammation of the bone and bone marrow
132
osteoporosis
loss of bone mass
133
osteopenia
bone mass deficiency (less severe than osteoporosis)
134
-penia
defiency
135
thrombocytopenia
deficiency of blood platelets that causes an inability of the blood to clot. A common cause of bleeding disorders.
136
lordosis
which is an abnormal bending forward of the lumbar spine
137
Kyphosis
an abnormal hump in the thoracic spine
138
chrondomalacia
softening of cartilage
139
costochondritis
inflamation of the cartilage of the ribs
140
arthrosis
any of several abnormal conditions of the joint
141
Baker cyst
Cyst of synovial fluid in the popliteal area of the leg. Associated with RA
142
bunion
common, painful enlargement of the joint at the base of the big toe (first metatarsophalangeal joint).
143
bursitis
Inflammation of a bursa
144
Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)
compression of the median nerve at the wrist
145
crepitus
crackling sound heard in joints
146
osteoarthritis (OA)
degenerative joint disease (DJD)... wearing down of the edges of the bone. Wear and tear disease.
147
osteophytosis
abnormal bone growth in a joint
148
rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
inflammatory joint disease, believed to be autoimmune in nature, occurs in younger population than OA.
149
scleroderma
hardening and thickening of the skin
150
systematic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
chronic, systematic inflammation, unknown etiology, characterized by red, butterfly-like rash on nose and cheeks.
151
temporomandibular joint disorder (TMJ)
dysfunctional TMJ resulting in jaw pain
152
tendinitis
inflammation of a tendon
153
'- malacia
softening
154
kyphosis
extreme posterior curvature of the thoracic area of spine
155
lordosis
swayback, exaggerated anterior curve of the lumbar vertebrae
156
scoliosis
lateral S-curve of the spine
157
spinal stenosis
abnormal narrowing of the spinal canal
158
spondylosis
stiffening if vertebral joints
159
contracture
chronic fixation of a joint in flexion caused by atrophy and shortening of muscle fibers
160
fibromyalgia
muscoskeletal pain, fatigue, muscle stiffness and spasms, and sleep disturbances
161
plantar fasciitis
inflammation of the fascia on the sole of the foot
162
pathologic fractures (spontaneous...)
fractures resulting from an underlying disease
163
simple fracture
no skin break
164
compound fracture
broken skin raises the risk of infection
165
sprain
traumatic injury to a joint involving ligaments.
166
strain
overuse or overstretching of a muscle or tendon
167
dislocation
a bone completely out of place in a joint
168
subluxation
a bone partially out of joint
169
Compartment syndrome
swelling of the fascia
170
Colles fracture
at the distal end of the radius (wrist) at the epiphysis. occurs when trying to break a fall with hand.
171
comminuted fracture
crushed or shattered, several pieces
172
complicated fracture
broken bone pierces an internal organ
173
compression fracture
fractured area of bone collapses on itself
174
greenstick fracture
partially bent, partially broken. common in pediatrics due to softer bones in children
175
hairline fracture
minor fracture appearing as a thin line on X-ray
176
impacted fracture
broken bones with ends driven into each other
177
Salter Harris
fracture of the epiphyseal plate in children
178
chondrosarcoma
malignant tumor of the cartilage
179
leiomyosarcoma
malignant tumor of smooth muscle (most common in the uterus)
180
osteosarcoma
malignant tumor of the bone. aka Ewing sarcoma. most common peds bone cancer.
181
rhabdomyosarcoma
highly malignant tumor of skeletal muscle
182
neoplasm
abnormal growth of new tissue
183
malaise
a vague, uneasy feeling of bodily fatigue and discomfort.
184
arthrography
x-ray recording of a joint
185
arthroscopy
visual examination of a joint (with an arthroscope)
186
Computed tomography (CT)
imaging technology that records transverse planes of the body
187
DEXA Scan
Dual energy X-Ray absorptiometry - measures density of bone at the hip and spine
188
electomyography (EMG)
measure the electrical activity of muscles
189
magnetic resonance imaging
uses magnetic properties to record detailed information about internal structures
190
myelogram
x-ray of spinal column after injection of contrast medium
191
x-ray (radiograph)
uses electromagnetic radiation for recording internal structures
192
goniometry
measures a joints range of motion (used at PT)
193
Phalen test
diagnostic test for carpal tunnel syndrome
194
Range of motion testing
assesses degree to which joint can be flexed and extended
195
rheumatoid factor test
lab test for RF present in blood for RA patients
196
serum calcium (Ca)
test to measure the amount of calcium in the blood
197
myopathy
disease of the muscle
198
myasthenia gravis (MG)
chronic muscle weakness. potentially caused by disruption of the transmission of impulses from nerve to muscle cells.
199
arthrocentesis
the joint space is punctured with a surgical needle and synovial fluid is removed for analysis
200
-centesis
surgical puncture to remove fluid
201
Arthrodesis
the surgical binding (–desis) or stabilization of a joint
202
reduction (manipulation)
process of alignment of the bone (external or internal)
203
ORIF
open reduction and internal fixation
204
CREF
closed reduction and external fixation
205
arthrodesis
binding or stabilization of a joint by surgical means
206
arthroplasty
general term for surgical repair of a joint
207
laminectomy
removal of the bony arches of one or more vertebrae
208
meniscectomy
removal of a meniscus such as in the knee
209
myorrhaphy
suture of a muscle
210
kyphoplasty
injection of cement-like substance to repair fractured vertebrae
211
operative ankylosis
procedure for treatment of spinal fractures
212
osteoclasis
intentional refracture of a bone
213
osteoplasty
surgical repair of bone
214
prosthesis
artificial body part
215
syndesmoplasty
surgical repair of a ligament
216
tenomyoplasty
surgical repair of muscle or tendon
217
total hip replacement (THR)
replacement of the femoral head and acetabulum of the hip
218
Total Knee Replacement (TKR)
replacement of the entire knee joint
219
traction
pulling a body part into correct alignment
220
endoscopic diskectomy
aspiration of a disc through a tube inserted through the skin.
