Chapter 3 (Neurology) Flashcards by Ky Tan

The imaginary line through the spine to the front of the brain is called…

Neuraxis (imagine an allen wrench in a human)

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Anterior
– The ______ end
– ______: When referring to brain (“towards the
beak”)

front, rostral

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Posterior
– The ____ end
– _____: When referring to the brain

tail, caudal

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this refers to “toward the back” (top of head)
– Top part of the head and the back

dorsal

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This refers to the “belly”
– Surface faces the ground

ventral

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This phrase refers to the midline

Medial

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this refers toward the side

Lateral

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The brain can be
sectioned in _____ planes
* Each section provides a
a different view of the
internal anatomy of the
brain
– ____
– ____
– ____

3,
- Sagittal (split down the middle
– Coronal (or transverse) -> (cut sideways, ear to ear)
– Horizontal (cut in half, belly)

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The central nervous system develops from _____ (outer layer) which forms a plate (~day 18)
– The edges of the plate curl and eventually fuse together
forming a ____ (day 21)
– By ~day 28 the tube is closed, the rostral end of the
neural tube has formed the 3 interconnected chambers
(_____) and the tissue that surrounds these hollow
chambers has formed three major divisions of the brain

ectoderm, neural tube, ventricles

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What are the three major divisions of the brain

Forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain

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Inner lining of the neural tube is called? What are these comprised of?

ventricular zone, progenitor

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This provide routes for neurons to travel (like microtubules) outward from the ventricular zone of the neural tube…

radial glia

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_______ is a chemical generated by postsynaptic neurons to spur axons to grow towards them

nerve growth factor (NGF)

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cell adhesion molecules (CAM) do what?

They allow cells to bind to other cells or surfaces (long-range)

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______ chemical generated by postsynaptic neurons to spur axons to grow towards them

Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) (close range)

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when is the only time signals travel from postsynaptic to presynaptic neurons?

during neural development when the postsynaptic cell sends NGF to presynaptic neuron to prevent apoptosis

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This type of molecule allow cells to bind to other cells or surfaces (long-range)

Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAM)

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what are the 3 final possible maturation stages of neurons?

apoptosis
synapse pruning
functional specialization

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neural remodeling/synapse plasticity allows neurons to do what?

allows neurons to form new processes & synaptic connections (NB, cannot grow NEW neurons)

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The _____ covers and protects all areas of nervous system,
both CNS and PNS

Meninges

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This is the inner layer of the meninges that clings to the surface of the brain; thin and delicate

contain smaller surface blood vessels of brain & spinal cord
(IN CNS ONLY)

pia mater

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This is the outermost of the meninges; tough and flexible

dura mater

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This is the soft & spongy middle layer of the meninges

Arachnoid Membrane (Spider Track)

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How is the meninges comprised of outside of the CNS?

ONLY dura and pia mater fused together to cover the spinal & cranial nerves

arachnoid membrane not needed bc there is no CSF in the PNS so less protection

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This is the clear fluid that fills the ventricular system of the brain, the subarachnoid space, and spinal cord

CSF (Cerebrospinal Fluid

CSF is produced by the _____

choroid plexus (in each ventricle)

This is the CSF-filled space between arachnoid membrane & pia mater that cushions the brain

Subarachnoid Space

______ are the small projections of arachnoid membrane (middle layer) through the dura mater (top layer) that connect to the ______ that CSF leaves through to enter blood

Arachnoid Granulations, superior sagittal sinus

This is one of the two ventricles located in the center of the telencephalon

lateral ventricles (1 & 2nd ventricles)

the tube connecting the third and fourth ventricles of the brain, located in the center of the mesencephalon

cerebral aqueduct

the ventricle located between the cerebellum and the dorsal pons, in the center of the metencephalon

fourth ventricle

______ surrounds the cerebral hemispheres (like the bark of a tree)

cerebral cortex

These are the small groves of the cerebral cortex

sulci

These are the bulges between sulci or fissures

Gyri

These are the large grooves of the cerebral cortex

fissures

This sulcus that separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe (Is like a line straight down the brain)

central sulcus

______ is a fissure that separates the temporal lobe from the overlying frontal and parietal lobes (Line across the side of the brain)

lateral fissure

This is the region of the posterior frontal lobe that contains neurons that control movements of skeletal muscles (is rostral to the central sulcus)

primary motor cortex

region of the anterior parietal lobe whose primary input is from the somatosensory system (is caudal to the central sulcus)

Primary Somatosensory Cortex

region of the posterior occipital lobe whose primary input is from the visual system (most caudal part of the brain)

Primary Visual Cortex

region of the superior temporal lobe whose primary input is from the auditory system (most lateral part of the brain)

primary auditory cortex

fissure located in the occipital lobe on the medial surface of the brain; most of the primary visual cortex is located along its upper and lower banks

calcarine fissure

map of PMC & PSC where motor/sensory areas of the body go from down from feet to face

homunculus

Damage to the somatosensory cortex would result in

damage = can "feel," but cannot identify the object (ex: feel the tip of a pen, identify its features but not that it is a pen)

Damage to the motor association/premotor cortex would result in

poor planning & discoordination

Damage to the visual association cortex would result in

can see, but cannot recognize

Damage to auditory association cortex

can hear, but have trouble discerning the speaker or the meaning of words

telencephalon is the region of the forebrain that contains the _____, _____, and ________

cerebral cortex, basal ganglia,limbic system

this controls automatic movement & keeps the body STILL - comprised of ____, ____, _____

basal ganglia caudate nucleus, putamen, & global pallidus

The limbic system is comprised of:

Hippocampus: involved in learning and memory Amygdala: involved in emotion perception, expression, and memory

Diencephalon consists of

Thalamus and Hypothalamus

______ contains nuclei that receive sensory information and transmit it to the cortex (the “relay station”)

Thalamus

_____ contains nuclei involved in the integration of species-preserving behaviors, control of the autonomic nervous system and pituitary

Hypothalamus

Inner ear -> ____ -> Primary auditory cortex

Medial Geniculate

Retina -> _____ -> Primary visual cortex

Lateral Geniculate

Primary motor cortex -> ____ -> Cerebellum

Ventrolateral Nucleus

the hypothalamus is responsible or these 2 things and contains the _____ right behind the optic chiasm

1) homeostasis 2) releases hormones (gonadotropic & somatotropic) - pituitary gland

This is the central of the 3 major divisions of the brain

midbrain/mesencephalon

The 2 main parts of the midbrain: ____, ____

tectum, tegmentum

the dorsal part of the midbrain; includes superior & inferior colliculi

tectum

tegmentum

The ventral part of the midbrain; includes the periaqueductal gray matter, reticular formation, red nucleus, and substantia nigra

the RAS is responsible for what

dominant in arousal, sleeping, waking, and muscle tone involves pons

Red Nucleus and Substantia Nigra are responsible for what

Helps to transmit information from the cerebral cortex and cerebellum to the spinal cord

The metencephalon consists of the following:

– Pons (sleep) – Cerebellum (involved in motor control)

the _____ is the direct target of alcohol

cerebellum

the myelencephalon is the region of the ____; includes the _____

hindbrain, medulla oblongata

This is the most caudal portion of the brain, located in the myelencephalon, rostral to the spinal cord; contains part of the reticular formation (RAS) Regulates vital functions such as the cardiovascular system, breathing, & skeletal muscle tone

medulla oblongata

______ serve the caudal part of the brain; run up vertebrae & swing up underneath the brain

vertebral arteries

serve rostral part of the brain; run up neck & go INTO brain

Internal Carotid Arteries

What is the circle of Willis?

a circle of arteries at the base of the brain that supply blood to the brain contains anterior cerebral artery, middle cerebral artery, & posterior cerebral artery most likely area to experience hemorrhage

what is the advantage of the circle of Willis?

multiple arterial pathways allow blood flow to the brain areas that require oxygen, nutrients, etc at a particular time

autonomic nervous system (ANS) controls... ___ activated

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, & glands stress-activated

- This branch increases blood flow, is fight or flight, and is located in the thoracolumbar (lower back) – Controls adrenal medulla, releases adrenalin and noradrenalin

Sympathetic Branch (ANS)

- This branch brings the body back to its resting state; conserves energy – located in the Craniosacral (top part of the spine) – Increases salivation, digestion, release of digestive enzymes

Parasympathetic Branch (ANS)

What is the difference between NTs and hormones

NTs: released by terminal buttons onto postsynaptic neurons Hormones: released into distal areas of the body by ADRENAL MEDULLA ex. epinephrine --> adrenaline norepinephrine --> noradrenaline

Chapter 3 (Neurology) Flashcards

(75 cards)