Chapter 4 (Exam 2 Stuff Contd)

Question 1

_____ facilitates a neurotransmitters effect (make it stronger)

Answer 1

agonist

Question 2

____ inhibits a neurotransmitter having an effect (making it weaker)

Answer 2

antagonist

Question 3

What are the criteria for a Neurotransmitter? (4 parts)

Answer 3

1) Must be found in neuron
* 2) With an AP, must be released from
terminal buttons
* 3) Must make EPSP or IPSP on target tissue
* 4) Must be a mechanism to “turn it off”
– Enzyme degrades it in synapse
– Reuptake into the presynaptic neuron

Question 4

What is the primary NT secreted by efferent PNS cells

Answer 4

Acetylcholine

Question 5

This type of NT is 10-15% of all CNS neurons

Answer 5

Acetylcholine

Question 6

In the PNS, Acetylcholine neurons are found in

Answer 6

The Autonomic ganglia (e.g. the heart)
– The neuromuscular junction (activation of muscle
movement)

Question 7

ACh is degraded (terminated) by _____ in synapse

Answer 7

AChE

Question 8

_______ interferes with AChE activity -> increases ACh and therefor restores muscle strength)

Answer 8

Neostygmine

Question 9

Nicotinic receptors are found in the ______

Answer 9

skeletal muscle

Question 10

ACh Receptors agonists are:
ACh Receptors antagonists are:

Answer 10

nicotine (increases muscle tone a little)
curare (blocks receptor -> paralysis, death)

Question 11

Muscarinic receptors are found in _____ and _______

Answer 11

heart, smooth muscle

Question 12

Muscarinic agonists:
Muscarinic antagonists:

Answer 12

muscarine (found in poison mushrooms)
Atropine (blocks receptors; “Belladonna”)

Question 13

Persons with Alzheimer’s have ____ ACh
Why?

Answer 13

less,
Due to the degeneration of ACh neurons in the hippocampus and inferior frontal lobes. Loss of ACh synthesizing enzyme

Question 14

the _____ transmitters share a common structure and form a family of neurotransmitters, _____ and ______

Answer 14

monoamine, Catecholamines, Indolamines :

Question 15

Catecholamines include:
Indolamines include:

Answer 15

• dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine
• Serotonin

Question 16

Dopamine is used by several neural systems:

Answer 16

Nigrostriatal system, mesolimbic, and mesocortical

Question 17

Nucleus Accumbens, associated with _____

Answer 17

reward/pleasure

Question 18

Disorders due to catecholamines (3)

Answer 18

Parkinson’s, Depression, Schizophrenia

Question 19

Degeneration of DA neurons between substantia nigra and the caudate nucleus is called…

Treatment is…

Answer 19

Parkinson’s disease, L-Dopa

Question 20

____ prevents the storage of dopamine within vesicles by blocking monoamine transporters within neuron; is antagonist/agonis

Answer 20

(drug) reserpine, antagonist

Question 21

what neural pathways use dopamine?

Answer 21

motor, emotion, & thinking/planning pathways

Question 22

what are 3 disorders due to catecholamines?

Answer 22

1. Parkinson’s
2. depression
3. schizophrenia

Question 23

what are the risks of raking reserpine for hypertension?

Answer 23

NOR & adrenalin (causes of hypertension) are decreased, but 15% develop depression

Question 24

tricyclic antidepressants are reuptake blockers that primarily affect both ___ and ____

Answer 24

norepinephrine & serotonin

Question 25

what are 3 examples of tricyclic antidepressants?

Answer 25

- Amitriptyline (Elavil) - Desipramine (Norpramin) - Imipramine (Tofranil)

Question 26

what are some side effects of tricyclics? (list 3)

Answer 26

1. rapid heartbeat & dizziness upon standing 2. overdose/cardiac complications 3. anticholinergic effects (dry mouth/eyes, bright light sensitivity/pupil dilation, blurry vision)

Question 27

What are the positive symptoms of Schizophrenia? (added stimulus)

Answer 27

- Hallucinations/Delusions - Disorganized thoughts, speech, and behavior - Stereotyped behavior - repetitive behavior without significant meaning

Question 28

What are the negative symptoms of Schizophrenia (negative stimulus)

Answer 28

- Decreased affect (facial expressions) - Alogia (decreased verbal output) - Avolition (difficulty initiating goal-directed behavior)

Question 29

Amphetamine psychosis, which produces symptoms consistent with schizophrenia because they both...

Answer 29

Receive a high input of NT, dopamine releases

Question 30

Antipsychotics (Neuroleptics) Have more effect on reducing the pos/neg relative to the pos/neg symptoms

Answer 30

Have more effect on reducing the pos relative to the neg symptoms

Question 31

What are some classic side-effects of Antipsychotics? List 5

Answer 31

Decreased DA -> less dopamine = (Parkinson's Disease) Acute Dystonis - uncontrolled movement of face, neck, and tongue Oculomotor crisis - uncontrollable eye movements Akathesia -Reslessness and agitation Tardive dyskinesia - late appearing movement disorder” (starts with neck/tongue and, eventually, can nvolve the whole body)

Question 32

How do Aytpical Antipsychotics differ from Antipsychotics?

Answer 32

Try to target the receptors as opposed to the dopamine in general

Question 33

The locus coeruleus does what? Where is it located?

Answer 33

The locus coeruleus (within pons) gives rise to norepinephrine fiber systems to areas responsible for vigilence/attentiveness (frontal systems)

Question 34

Where is norepinephrine synthesized?

Answer 34

Norepinephrine is synthesized from dopamine within vesicles

Question 35

Norepinephrine is broken down by? What antagonist inhibits MAO-A? What are the effects of this? What NE agonist is used for ADHD?

Answer 35

MAO-A Moclobemide, Moclobemide inhibits MAO-A (increases NE, agonist) * Increases attentiveness, alertness, vigilence Ritalin -> stimulant DA/NE blocker

Question 36

Epinephrine is synthesized from? Where is released from? What does it do? What is the Synthesizing enzyme called?

Answer 36

Norepinephrine, Released from adrenal medulla, Prepares body for action under stress . . . PNMT (Phenyl ethanolamine-N-Methyltransferase)

Question 37

Where is serotonin located? What does serotonin effect?

Answer 37

Serotonin cell bodies are located in brainstem raphe (RAS) and project to cortex Positive Affects - (emotion, arousal [sleep-wake cycles], visual system)

Question 38

____ is an autoreceptor stimulator that reduces serotonin release Serotonin termination: – Reuptake is blocked by _____ (elevates 5HT aka serotonin)

Answer 38

8-OHDPAT, fluoxetine

Question 39

In the monkey study, when removing the dominant monkey from the group, the beta monkey has increased levels of what _____? What happens when the dominant male is restored?

Answer 39

Removing the dominant male increases 5-HT (Serotonin) and restoring the alpha male lowers the 5-HT

Question 40

Reduced levels of ___ and____ in brains of suicide completers relative to those severely depressed

Answer 40

5-HT, 5-HIAA

Question 41

Reduced ___ is associated with the “urge to act out hostility” subscale of the Hostility and Direction of Hostility Questionnaire

Answer 41

5-HIAA

Question 42

_____ are chains of amino acids. Travel ___ than NT "(not ____ communication)" Secrete in ____ amounts than NTS there are _ known of these but the 2 most important are ____ & ____

Answer 42

Neuromodulators, farther, private larger 8, Glutamate and GABA

Question 43

Glutamate produces ____ GABA produces ____

Answer 43

EPSPs (increase likelihood of neuronal firing; Na+ or Ca++ channels open) -> alertness, promote CNS activation IPSPs (produces IPSPs (decrease likelihood of firing, K+ or Cl- channels open) -> downers, inhibit CNS activation

Question 44

Alcohol has a direct effect on ____ receptors It is Agonistic/Antagonist by increasing/dec the amount of time that __ channels are open

Answer 44

GABA Agonistic, increasing , Cl-

Question 45

Seizures (uncontrollable neuronal firing) appear associated with decreased ____ This drug reduces GABA reuptake ____

Answer 45

GABA Tiagabine -> in turn increasing the amount of GABA more IPSP

Question 46

this type of gas can diffuse somewhat and affect more distant cells What is one example?

Answer 46

Soluble gases Nitric Oxide (NO) exerts effects within intestinal muscles, dilates brain blood vessels