Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Psychology 1105 > Chapter 3- Neuroscience > Flashcards

Chapter 3- Neuroscience Flashcards

(59 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is neuroimaging?

A

Techniques that allow for studying brain activity and structure by obtaining visual images in awake humans ( MRI, fMRI, CAT/CT, PET, TMS, DTI are the neuroimaging techniques)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is central nervous system (CNS)?

A

Consists of the brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

A

Consists of all the nerves that deliver information from the periphery to the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is neurons?

A

Cells that carry information between parts of our body and the nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is afferent neurons?

A

Carry signals from PNS to the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is efferent neurons?

A

Carry signals from CNS to the PNS, muscles and glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is interneurons?

A

The relay cells between neuron types (eg. Interneurons are found in the spinal cord between the motor and sensory neurons)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is somatic nervous system?

A

All the nerves that gather sensory info from the body, neck head and deliver it to the spinal cord and brain. Also send info about the movement from CNS to the muscles of the body, neck and head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is autonomic nervous system?

A

Comprises the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is sympathetic nervous system?

A

Responsible for fight-or-flight reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Reverses the effect of the sympathetic nervous system to return the body to its resting state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the structure of hindbrain?

A

Medulla, pons, cerebellum, reticular formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Structure of midbrain

A

Substantia nigra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Structure of forebrain?

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, lambic system, basal ganglia, cerebral cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the function and location of hindbrain?

A

Regulates basic life functions; part of the brain closet to the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Hindbrain-medulla

A

Regulates heartbeat, breathing, sneezing and coughing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Hindbrain-pons

A

Bridge between the medulla and other areas (important for sleep, dreaming, breathing, swallowing, eye movements, and facial sensation and expression)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Hindbrain-cerebellum

A

Important for motor coordination and certain types of learning that involve movement such as learning to play the Piano

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Hindbrain-reticular formation

A

Regulates sleep/wake cycle( involved in wakefulness, arousal and mood)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Midbrain-sybstantia nigra

A

Important in the fluidity of movement and inhabiting movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Forebrain-thalamus

A

Serves as a relay station for incoming sensory information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Forebrain-hypothalamus

A

Important for motivation, basic drives, and control of the endocrine system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Forebrain-pituitary gland

A

Regulates hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Forebrain-limbic system

Study These Flashcards
A

Involve in the regulation of motivation, emotion and learning and memory

25
Lambic system has:
Amygdala: involved in processing fear Hippocampus: important for certain types of learning and memory
26
Forebrain-basal ganglia
Plays a role in cognitive flexibility and voluntary movement control —includes nucleus accumbens( important foe motivation and reward learning)
27
Forebrain-cerebral cortex
Responsible for complex functions: consciousness, language, and thought
28
What is sensory cortex (cerebral cortex)?
Registers sensory neurons( touch)
29
What is motor cortex (cerebral cortex)?
Registers the motor neurons (muscles)
30
What is association cortex (cerebral cortex)?
Registers complex functions including higher order sensory processing, integrating information from different senses, thinking and planing
31
Cerebral cortex t include the five lobes:
-Occipital lobe (back of brain)—vision -Temporal lobe(side of brain)—processes info about auditory stimuli and language, recognizing complex visual stimuli (faces) -Parietal lobe—sensory integration -Frontal lobe(front of brain)—higher intellectual thinking -Prefrontal lobe—memory, morality, mood and planning
32
What is parallel processing?
Air traffic controllers must react to an array of sensory stimuli and make quick decisions. Communication within and between the lobes of the brain allows us to perform such complex functions simultaneously
33
Two lobes that responsible for speech are?
-Broca’s area (frontal lobe)—speech production -Wernicke’s area(temporal lobe—language comprehension
34
How does the nervous system work?
*Neuron (a nerve cell) -Sensory-gathers sensory information -Motor-communicates info to the muscles -Interneuron-communicates with sensory and motor neurons and other interneurons *Glia(cells that make up the nervous system in Addison to neurons) -Astroglia-creates blood brain barrier, influences communication between neurons, helps heal brain damage -Oligodendroglia-provides myelin to speed up transmission of neurons -Microglia-cleans up dead cells and provides infection in the brain
35
What is resting potential?
When a neuron is at rest, it is negatively charged inside(intracellular) relative to the outside(extracellular)
36
What is action potential?
When a neuron fires, pores in the neuron(ion channels) open to let charged ions flow into and out of the neuron. The neuron becomes more positive in the inside relative to the outside. This shift in electrical charge triggers the axon terminals to release neurotransmitters
37
Action potential steps:
Resting potential maintained by Na or K pump, then Na channels open, leads to depolarization which Na ions rush in. Then Na channels close, repolarization which K ions rush out. The refractory period Na channels can’t open which leads to resting potential re-established by Na/K pump.
38
What is All or None Principle?
Either a neuron is sufficiently stimulated to start an action potential(all) or it is not(none). Immediately after a neuron has fired, it can’t fire again (refractory period)
39
What is the Nodes of Ranvier?
The regions of bare axon that are between areas warped in myelin. Action potentials travel down myelinated axons by pumping from node to node.
40
Communication across the synapse
- Action potential triggers the release of neurotransmitters(specialized chemicals) into the synapse( space between neurons) -Neurotransmittermolecules are contained in synaptic vesicles -These chemical neurotransmitters are taken up by the neurotransmitter receptors (protein in cell membrane that recognize specific molecules) in a neighbouring neuron
41
What is postsynaptic potentials( neurotransmitter receptor)
These are electrical events in postsynaptic neurons that occur when a neurotransmitter binds to one of its receptors. When a receptor is activated, positive or negative ions can flow through the receptor into the neuron.
42
What is Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) —Neurotransmitter receptor
The depolarize the neuron and increase the likelihood of an action potential
43
What is Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs)—neurotransmitter receptor
The hyperpolarize the neuron and decrease the likelihood of an action potential
44
What is Neural networks?
Neurons form circuits or networks that expand the communication among different brain regions.
45
What is neuroplasticity?
It’s the brain’s ability to make new neural connections or to reorganize in response to injury or experience
46
What is traumatic brain injury?
Concussions, spinal cord injuries
47
What is acquired brain injury?
Infections, exposure to toxins, tumours, degenerative disease and strokes
48
What are some ways to treat brain injuries?
-Early medical care -Medications -Cooling of the brain and body -Neuronal loss prevention treatments -Behavioural therapies
49
Brain Lateralization
-Language centres in most-right handed people are on the left side of the brain However, in some-left handed people, language centres are on the right side (or on both sides)
50
What is corpus callosum?
-Connects the tow brain hemispheres -Dense bundle of neural fibers(axons) allow for communication of information from one side of the brain to another side
51
What is evolution?
-The process of the development and divergence of life9species) on this planet
52
What is evolutionary psychology?
Studies how the process of evolution has shaped the body and brain through interaction of our genes and the environment to produce thoughts and behaviours
53
Transitory animals
Fossil evidence of transitory animals—Tiktaalik (a fish in the Canadian arctic that had a primitive wrist with finger-like bones
54
What is homologous traits?
Characteristics that are similar between species and can be traced back to a common ancestor
55
What is convergent evolution?
The development of similar physical character is s or behaviours in different species that don’t share common ancestor (wings on birds and bees)
56
Charles Darwin’s four observations
1) Animals were changing over time 2) Aspects of species that seen different on the surface which as human hand, a bat’s wing and a cat’s paw, had structural similarities underneath 3) Selective breeding of captive animals leads to changes in the appearance of the animal 4) Not all animals that are born will survive to maturity and be able to reproduce
57
what is evolution by natural selection?
Animals with physical and behavioural attributes well suited to their environment are more like;y to survive, reproduce and pass on their traits to their offspring
58
What is fitness?
An individual’s ability to successfully grow to maturity and have offspring
59
Evolution of the brain
The Australopithecus skull is about one third size of the present day human skull. It has a much smaller frontal area which leads to the assumption that the frontal cortex in the Australopithecus was also smaller

Psychology 1105 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions