Chapter 7-Learning

Question 1

Associative learning?

Answer 1

A change as a result of experience where two or more stimuli become linked

Question 2

Non-associative learning?

Answer 2

Learning that doesn’t involve forming associations between stimuli; learning occurs following repeated exposure to a single stimulus or event

Question 3

Habituation (non-associative learning)

Answer 3

Weakening of response to a stimulus after repeated presentation

Question 4

Dishabituation (non-associative learning)

Answer 4

There is a recovery of attention to a novel stimulus following habitation

Question 5

Sensitization(non-associative learning)

Answer 5

A strong stimulus results in an aggregated response to the subsequent presentation of weaker stimuli

Question 6

Classical conditioning( associative learning)

Answer 6

A form of associative learning between two previously unrelated stimuli that results in a learned response

Question 7

Pavlov’s Dog (classical conditioning)

Answer 7

Pavlov’s experiment for collecting and measuring salivation in dogs-the hungry dog is placed in a harness and given a bowl of meat powder. A tube from the salivary gland collects the saliva, which is measured and recorded

Question 8

Unconditioned stimulus (classical conditioning)

Answer 8

A stimulus that on its own elicits a response (food)

Question 9

Unconditioned response( classical conditioning)

Answer 9

A physical response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus’ it doesn’t need to be learned( salivation)

Question 10

Conditioned stimulus (classical conditioning)

Answer 10

A neutral stimulus that eventually elicits the same response as an unconditioned stimulus with which it has been paired (bell)

Question 11

Conditioned response( classical conditioning)

Answer 11

A physical response elicited by a conditioned stimulus’ it is acquired via experience and is usually the same as the unconditioned response(salivation)

Question 12

Acquisition (classical Conditioning)

Answer 12

The initial learning of the stimulus response relationship.
-More pairing between CS and US
-Rapid acquisition followed by the strongest response is a half minute delay between Cs and US

Question 13

Extinction (CC)

Answer 13

Reduction of a conditional response after repeated presentations of the conditioned stimulus alone

Question 14

Spontaneous recovery(CC)

Answer 14

Re-emergence of a conditioned response some time after extinction has occurred

Question 15

Stimulus generalization (CC)

Answer 15

What occurs when stimuli similar to the original conditioned stimulus trigger the same conditioned response

Question 16

Stimulus discrimination (CC)

Answer 16

What occurs when an organism learns to eat a specific behaviour in the presence of a conditioned stimulus, but not in the presence of stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus

Question 17

Higher-order conditioning( CC)

Answer 17

What occurs when a previously conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus for further conditioning.

Question 18

Classical conditioning and fear

Answer 18

John Watson, Rosalie Rayner and Little Albert

Question 19

Phobia

Answer 19

Persistent, irrational or obsessive fear of a specific or situation that may arise as a result of fear condition

Question 20

Systematic desensitization

Answer 20

A process used to condition the extinction of phobias via a gradual exposure to the feared object/situation

Question 21

Conditioned taste aversion

Answer 21

A form of classical conditioning where a previously neutral stimulus( odour or taste) elicits an aversion reaction after it is paired with illness(nausea)

Question 22

Operant conditioning

Answer 22

A form of associative learning where behaviour is modified depending on to consequences; also called instrumental conditioning

Question 23

Law in effect

Answer 23

Behaviours leading to rewards are more likely to occur again, while behaviours producing unpleasantness are less likely to occur again

Question 24

Behaviourism

Answer 24

Systematic study and manipulation of observable behaviour

Question 25

B.F. Skinner

Answer 25

-Organism don’t simply respond to the environment but rather they exert influence(operate) on it -Behaviours are followed by favourable consequences will likely be repeated

Question 26

Reinforcer

Answer 26

An experience that produces an increase in a certain behaviour

Question 27

Positive reinforcement

Answer 27

Presentation of a pleasant consequence following a behaviour to increase the probability that the behaviour will reoccur

Question 28

negative reinforcement

Answer 28

The removal of an unpleasant stimulus after a response to increase the probability that the behaviour will reoccur

Question 29

Punishment

Answer 29

An experience that produces a decrease in a certain behaviour

Question 30

Positive punishment

Answer 30

Presentation of an unpleasant consequence following a specific behaviour to decrease the probability of the Baha’i our being repeated

Question 31

Negative punishment

Answer 31

Removal of a pleasant stimulus as a consequence of a behaviour to decrease the probability of the behaviour being repeated

Question 32

Primary reinforcers

Answer 32

A stimulus that has survival value and is therefore intrinsically rewarding; biological (food, water pain)

Question 33

Secondary reinforcers

Answer 33

A neutral stimulus that becomes rewarding when associated with a primary reinforcer; learned (Money and grades)

Question 34

Primary punisher

Answer 34

A stimulus that is naturally aversive to an organism (loud sounds, slapping, extreme temperatures)

Question 35

Secondary punisher

Answer 35

A stimulus that becomes aversive when associated with a primary punisher (disapproval, criticism, grade)

Question 36

Continuous reinforcement

Answer 36

Behaviour is reinforced every time it occurs

Question 37

Intermittent (partial) reinforcement

Answer 37

Behaviour is only followed by reinforcement some of the time (behaviour is acquired more slow and difficult to extinguish)

Question 38

Fixed ratio schedule

Answer 38

Reinforcement occurs after a fixed number of responses. High rate of responding with pauses after reinforcement

Question 39

Variable ratio schedule

Answer 39

Reinforcement occurs after an unpredictable, average number of responses. High, regular rate of response

Question 40

Fixed interval schedule

Answer 40

Reinforcement occurs every time a fixed time has elapsed. Low rate of responding with increases as time for reinforcement approaches

Question 41

Variable interval schedule

Answer 41

Reinforcement occurs after varying lengths of time. Low rate of responding as reinforcement is tied to time rather than output

Question 42

Shaping

Answer 42

Introducing new behaviour by reinforcing successive approximations of the desired behaviour until the complete behavioural sequence emerges

Question 43

Behaviour modification

Answer 43

A systematic approach to change behaviour using principles of operant conditioning

Question 44

Observational learning/social learning

Answer 44

Occurs without overt training in response to watching the behaviour of others called models

Question 45

Modelling

Answer 45

Occurs when an observer learns from the behaviour of another

Question 46

Vicarious learning

Answer 46

Occurs when an individual observes the consequences to another’s actions and then chooses to duplicate the behaviour or refrain from doing so

Question 47

Mirror neurons

Answer 47

Neurons fired when an animal/human performs an action or when they see another animal perform the same action

Question 48

Aggressive modelling

Answer 48

Bandura found children learned to abuse an inflatable clown doll by observing an adult model hit the doll

Question 49

Implicit learning

Answer 49

Refers to the acquisition of information without awareness (learning to talk)

Question 50

Spatial navigation learning

Answer 50

Involves formal associations among stimuli relevant to navigating in space

Question 51

Latent learning

Answer 51

A form of learning that is not expressed until there is a reward or incentive

Question 52

Insight learning

Answer 52

A sudden realization of a solution to a problem or leap in understanding new concepts

Question 53

Timing

Answer 53

Multiple exposures separated by time facilitate learning facts

Question 54

Disorders that interferes with acquisition

Answer 54

Dyslexia: Reading disorder Dyscalculia: mathematics disorder Dysgraphia: disorder of written expression