Chapter 3: Organic molecules

Question 1

hydrocarbons

Answer 1

molecules with predominantly or entirely C–H and C–C bonds which are hydrophobic and poorly soluble in water

Question 2

features of carbon

Answer 2

ability to form multiple covalent bonds
can form polar and nonpolar bonds
carbon bonds are stable within a large range of temperatures

Question 3

amino group

Answer 3

–NH2
weakly basic (accepts H+)
polar

Question 4

carbonyl group

Answer 4

–CO

polar

Question 5

carboxyl group

Answer 5

–COOH

acidic (gives up H+)

Question 6

hydroxyl

Answer 6

–HO

polar

Question 7

methyl

Answer 7

–CH3

nonpolar

Question 8

phosphate

Answer 8

–PO4 2-
polar
weakly acidic

Question 9

sulfate

Answer 9

–SO4 -

polar

Question 10

sulfhydryl

Answer 10

–SH

polar

Question 11

dehydration reaction

Answer 11

a water molecule is released when monomers are linked together

Question 12

hydrolisis reaction

Answer 12

a water molecule is used to break the linkage that holds monomers

Question 13

carbohydrates

Answer 13

macromolecules made of C, H, and O atoms

Question 14

monossacharides

Answer 14

simplest carbohydrates

pentoses: ribose (C5H10O5) and deoxyribose (C5H10O4)
hexoses: galactose, fructose, and glucose (C6H12O6)

Question 15

isomers

Answer 15

molecules with identical chemical formulas but different structures (C6H12O6)

Question 16

dissacharides

Answer 16

monossacharides linked together by dehydration reactions

Question 17

glycosidic bond

Answer 17

bond formed between two sugar molecules by dehydration

Question 18

polussacharides

Answer 18

many monossacharides linked together to form long polymers

Question 19

glycogen

Answer 19

energy storage

most branching

Question 20

starch

Answer 20

energy storage

some branching

Question 21

cellulose

Answer 21

structural

linear/no branching

Question 22

peptidoglycans

Answer 22

structural

bacterial wall cells

Question 23

chitin

Answer 23

structural
skeleton of insects and crustaceans
cell walls in fungi

Question 24

glycosaminoglycans

Answer 24

abundant in cartilage

extra-cellular matrix

Question 25

lipids

Answer 25

hydrophobic molecules composed mainly of H and C atoms, and some O nonpolar poorly soluble in water NOT macromolecules because they are not made of monomers that are covalently bonded

Question 26

triglycerides

Answer 26

(fats) | glycerol molecule linked to 3 fatty acids

Question 27

phospholipids

Answer 27

glycerol molecule linked to 2 fatty acids, 1 phosphate group and a N-containing molecule fatty acid tails are hydrophobic N-head is hydrophilic

Question 28

saturated fatty acids

Answer 28

triglycerides in which all carbons in the hydrocarob chain form single bonds (C–C) maximal number of attached hydrogens

Question 29

monounsaturated fatty acids

Answer 29

contain one C=C double bond | introduces a kink

Question 30

polyunsaturated fatty acids

Answer 30

contain two or more C=C double bonds

Question 31

steroids

Answer 31

four fused rings of carbon

Question 32

waxes

Answer 32

all waxes contain one or more hydrocarbons and long structures that resemble a fatty acid attached by its –COOH to another long hydrocarbon chain

Question 33

proteins

Answer 33

proteins are polymers of amino acids contain an alpha C –NH2 (base-accepts a H+) –COOH (acidic-looses a H+)

Question 34

peptide bond

Answer 34

covalent bond formed between a –COOH and an amino acid | dehydration reactions

Question 35

polypeptide

Answer 35

multiple amino acids joined by peptide bonds

Question 36

N-terminus

Answer 36

end of a polypeptide with a free –NH2

Question 37

C-terminus

Answer 37

end of a polypeptide with a free –COOH

Question 38

primary structure

Answer 38

amino acid sequence of a polypeptide

Question 39

secondary structure

Answer 39

the folding of amino acid sequences into a more compact structure, bonded through H-bonds alpha helix beta pleated sheet

Question 40

tertiary structure

Answer 40

all secondary structures plus random coiled regions folding into a 3-dimentional shape

Question 41

quaternary structure

Answer 41

two or more polypeptides may bind to each other to form a functional protein

Question 42

factors that determine protein structure

Answer 42

H-bonds ionic bonds and othe polar interactions wan der Waal dispersion forces hydrophonbic effect disulfide bridges, (–SH), cysteines *NOT in protein-protein interactions

Question 43

domains

Answer 43

found in different proteins that have the same 3-dimenssional tertiary structure in all of them and performs a characteristic function

Question 44

nucleic acids

Answer 44

macromolecules responsible for the storage, expression, and transmission of genetic material

Question 45

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

Answer 45

stores information coded in the sequence of their building blocks

Question 46

RNA (ribonucleic acids)

Answer 46

decodes information in DNA into "instructions" for the linking of specific sequences of amino acids to form a polypeptide

Question 47

nucleotide

Answer 47

monomers of nucleic acids phosphate group sugar (ribose/deoxyribose) base

Question 48

purine bases

Answer 48

adenine and guanine

Question 49

pyrimidine bases

Answer 49

cytosine and thymine (uracil)

Question 50

base pairing rule

Answer 50

AT/GC