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1090 Biology (Chapters 1-7) > Chapter 4: Evolutionary origin of cells and their general features > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Evolutionary origin of cells and their general features Flashcards

1
Q

stage 1 of the origin of living cells on Earth

A

nucleotides and amino acids were produced prior to the existence of cells

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2
Q

prebiotic soup

A

accumulation of organic molecules and macromolecules in a vastly different Earth

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3
Q

reducing atmosphere hypothesis

A

earth rich in water vapor, ammonia, hydrogen gas, methane, and a lack of oxygen gas

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4
Q

extraterrestrial hypothesis

A

carbon-based organic molecules brought by carbonaceous chondrites

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5
Q

deep-sea vent hypothesis

A

conversion of N2 to ammonia near deep-sea vents

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6
Q

stage 2 of the origin of living cells on Earth

A

polymerization of nucleotides to form RNA and DNA, and amino acids to proteins

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7
Q

stage 3 of the origin of living cells on Earth

A

polymers became enclosed in membranes

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8
Q

protobiont

A

organic molecules/macromolecules that acquired a boundary

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9
Q

stage 4 of the origin of living cells on Earth

A

RNA world
hypothetical period when RNA stored information, self-replicated, and catalyzed reactions (ribozymes)

chemical selection
chemical evolution

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10
Q

light microscope

A

uses light for illumination

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11
Q

electron microscope

A

uses a beam of electrons for illumination

2nm resolution limit

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12
Q

transmission electron microscopy (TEM)

A

a beam of electrons is transmitted through the biological sample
sample is stained with a heavy metal

*not used to view living cells

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13
Q

scanning electron microscopy (SEM)

A

used to view the surface of a biological sample
sample is coated with a thin metal

*not used to view living cells

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14
Q

resolution

A

the ability to view two adjacent objects as distinct from each other

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15
Q

contrast

A

the ability to visualize a particular cell structure based on how it looks from adjacent structures

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16
Q

magnification

A

the ratio between the size of an image produced by a microscope and the object’s actual size

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17
Q

genome

A

the entire compliment of its genetic material

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18
Q

genes

A

contain information to produce cellular proteins with specific structures and functions

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19
Q

prokaryotes

A

bacteria and archaea

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20
Q

components of prokaryotes

A 
plasma membrane
cytoplasm
nucleoid
ribosomes
cell wall
glycolax
pili
flagella (provide motility)
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21
Q

eukaryotes

A

animals, plants, fungi, and protists
organelle
compartmentalization

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22
Q

liquid-liquid phase separation

A

aggregate solutes separate from the bulk solvent to form a dropplet

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23
Q

differential gene regulation

A

every cell expresses a unique set of mRNAs

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24
Q

proteome

A

the complete set of proteins that a cell is currently making

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25
cytosol
the region outside the membrane-bound organelles and inside the plasma membrane
26
metabolism
sum of chemical reactions by a cell or organism
27
enzyme
a protein that accelerates the rate of a chemical reaction
28
catabolism
breakdown of a molecule into a smaller one
29
anabolism
synthesis of molecules into macromolecules
30
cytoskeleton
network of cellular fillaments microtubules intermediate filaments actin filaments
31
microtubules
25nm diameter hollow α- and β-tubulin grow only on the + side - attached to centrosome ``` cell shape organization of organelles chromosome sorting intracellular movement of cargo cell motility ```
32
dynamic stability
oscilation between growing and shortening faces in microtubules
33
centrosome
microtubule-organizing center
34
intermediate filaments
10nm diameter twisted keratin, lamin cell shape mechanical strenght anchorage of cell and nuclear membrane
35
actin filaments
7nm spiral actin cell shape cell strenght intracellular movement of cargo cell division in animals
36
motor proteins
use ATP to produce various types of movement head (catalyc site) hinge (place of movement) tail (achor)
37
movement of cargo
motor proteins move | kinesin
38
movement of filament
motor proteins are fixed in place | myosin
39
bending of a filament
motor proteins and filaments are fixed in place | dynein
40
flagella/cilia
appendages that provide motility dynein axoneme basal bodies
41
endomembrane system
network of membranes ``` nuclear envelope endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus lysosomes vacuoles peroxisomes ```
42
nuclear envelope
double-membrane structure | nuclear pores
43
chromatin
complex formed between DNA (chromosomes) and proteins such as histone
44
nuclear matrix
nuclear lamina: intermediate filaments and internal nuclear matrix
45
nucleolus
assembly of ribosomal subunits *proteins in ribosomes are made in cytoplasm but assembled in the nucleolus
46
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
network of membranes that form cisternae | lumen (space inside cisternae)
47
rough ER
studded with ribosomes protein sorting insertion of membrane proteins glycosalation (attachment of carbs. to proteins and lipids
48
smooth ER
metabolism storage of Ca 2+ lipid synthesis and modification
49
Golgi
cis (close to ER) medial trans (close to plasma membrane) *protein sorting *processing glycosalation proteolysis (enzymes proteases cut polypeptides) *secretion
50
lysosome
small organelles that break down molecules and macromolecules acid hydrolases
51
vacuoles
site that provides storage and/or cell shape regulation
52
central vacuole
80% or more of cell's volume storage space-filling Turgor pressure
53
contractile vacuole
expands as water enters the cell and merges with plasma membrane to release excess water
54
food vacuole
degradation of food
55
peroxisomes
organelle where toxins are broken down | catalase (enzyme)
56
sorting signals
short stretches of amino acid sequences within proteins that direct them to their correct cellular location
57
cytosolic proteins
complete their synthesis in the cytosol and remain there due to lack of signaling
58
contranslational sorting
proteins with an ER sorting signal, destined for the ER, Golgi, lysosomes, or plasma membrane
59
post-translational sorting
completely synthesized in the cytosol and contain sorting signals that destin them to the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast of peroxisome
60
extra-cellular matrix
strenght: structural support organization cell signaling glycosaminoglycans proteoglycans chitin (in invertebrates)

1090 Biology (Chapters 1-7) (6 decks)

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