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Anatomy + Physiology > Chapter 3 (Part I: Cells) > Flashcards

Chapter 3 (Part I: Cells) Flashcards

1
Q

Separates cell from outside environment. Lipids move in and out with ease. Cholesterol and proteins embedded in it. Semi-permeable. Lipid making it up have hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads, creating the semi-permeability. Helps cells identify cells.

A

Plasma membrane (cell membrane, cytoplasmic membrane)

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2
Q

Lipids making up layer of cell membrane. Heads are polar and hydrophilic, tails are hydrophobic. Self-orienting, these molecules create the semi-permeability of the membrane because water-soluble molecules cannot pass though

A

Phospholipid Bilayer

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3
Q

Those protruding outside of the cell are hormone/chemical receptors. Most that span the membrane are involved in transport of molecules through membrane by clustering together to form channels for water soluble molecules to pass through, acting as carriers to bind to a substance and pull it through.

A

Membrane proteins

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4
Q

Branches of sugar groups (teal in the textbook) that are attached on the outside of cells. They determine blood type, unfortunately act as receptors that bacteria, viruses, and other toxins can bind to, and have a role in cell-to-cell recognition and interaction.

A

Glycoproteins

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5
Q

(Purple flaps in textbook) Adjacent plasma membranes completely zip together and close all extracellular space, preventing all molecules from passing through. In the stomach, this prevents digestive enzymes from leaking into the bloodstream.

A

Tight junctions

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6
Q

(Purple tentacle looking things on the side of the cell) Tentacles on one cell attach to those on another and hold. This mechanism prevents cells that are being mechanically stressed (heart muscle cells an skin cells) from being pulled apart. Inside and thicker, they anchor themselves to opposite walls, further holding cells in place.

A

Desmosomes

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7
Q

(Orange spots near bottom of cell in textbook) Main purpose: communication. Found in heart and in between embryonic cells. Think of a door connecting two hotel rooms.

A

Gap Junctions

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8
Q

Control center of the cell. Houses Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

A

Nucleus

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9
Q

Double membrane barrier for the nucleus. The two layers of the membranes fuse, with pored in between them to let molecules pass through. Directly encloses nucleoplasm.

A

Nuclear envelope

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10
Q

Ribosomes synthesized here.

A

Nucleolus

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11
Q

Network of beads on a string (DNA wrapped around histones (proteins). These structures are scattered about the nucleus. When a cell is in the process of mitosis, the string coils and hardens into dense, rodlike bodies (chromosomes)

A

Chromatin

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12
Q

“Factory floor” of the cell. Omnipresent liquid outside of the nucleus and within cytoplasm.

A

Cytoplasm

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13
Q

Stored nutrients/cell products floating in cytosol. Includes lipid droplets, pigments like melanin, mucus, and other secretory products.

A

Inclusions

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14
Q

Organelle in which 95% of the energy needed for the cell to function is created. Supplies most of ATP. Metabolically busy cells like muscles and liver require a lot bc of how much energy they require to do their job. Replicate by pinching themselves in half.

A

Mitochondria

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15
Q

Tiny, made of proteins, and one variety of RNA. Actual sites of protein synthesis. They themselves are synthesized in the nucleolus. Those floating in cytoplasm synthesize proteins for inside the cell. Those who are attached to Endoplasmic Reticulum are synthesizing proteins to be used outside of the cell.

A

Ribosomes (RNA is Ribosomal RNA)

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16
Q

Main function is protein synthesis. Network of tunnels. It is considered the cell membrane factory, as most of the materials of cellular membranes are found in or on it. Proteins that are synthesized go through its tunnels and take their 3D shape. Abundant in cells that synthesize and export proteins, like pancreatic cells. Enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of membrane lipids exist on the outside.

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

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17
Q

Network of tunnels. Lacks ribosomes. Primary function is metabolizing lipids. Major in the detoxification of drugs and pesticides, so liver cells have this organelle in abundance.

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

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18
Q

Used for transportation within the cell. Takes proteins in from Rough ER, packages them, and ships them to where they’re supposed to go.

A

Golgi Apparatus

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19
Q

Proteins that are tagged for exiting the cell are wrapped in swollen sac. Travel to plasma membrane, fuse with it, and contents are ejected to the outside. Mucus and digestive enzymes made by pancreatic cells are packaged this way.

A

Golgi Apparatus Pathway 1

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20
Q

“Home” (plasma membrane/other membrane) bound sacs are sent this way. In these sacs are usually proteins and phospholipids.

A

Golgi Apparatus Pathway 2

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21
Q

Hydrolytic enzymes are shipped to membrane bound organelles (Lysosomes) that remain in the cell

A

Golgi Apparatus Pathway 3

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22
Q

Recycling center for the cell. These organelles go around digesting non-usable cell structures and foreign substances that enter the cell. Abundant in Phagocytes (cells that dispose of bacteria). Enzymes they contain are formed by Rough ER, and delivered by Golgi Apparatus.

A

Peroxisomes

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23
Q

Membranous sacs whose primary function is to disarm (turn to hydrogen peroxide) dangerous free radicals (normal products of cell. metabolism, chemicals that left unchecked can damage structure of proteins and nucleic acids.) Numerous in liver and kidney cells, organs that are active in detoxification. Bud directly from ER or pinch themselves in half to duplicate.

A

Peroxisomes

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24
Q

Cell’s ‘bones and muscles’. Protein structures throughout cytoplasm. Include microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules, and centrioles.

A

Cytoskeleton

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25
Q

(Element of Cytoskeleton) Features cell motility (movement of food) and producing changes in the cell shape.

A

Microfilaments (such as actin)

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26
Q

(Element of Cytoskeleton) Fibrous subunits. Help form desmosomes (tentacle anchoring mechanism). Forms internal guy wires to resist pulling forces on cell.

A

Intermediate filaments

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27
Q

(Element of Cytoskeleton) determines overall shape and distribution of organelles. Instrumental in cell division.

A

Microtubules

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28
Q

(Element of Cytoskeleton) Paired rod shaped bodies that lie at right angles to each other. Instrumental to the “mitotic spindle” (pulling apart chromosomes from either side of cell) during cell division

A

Centrioles

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29
Q

Whiplike cellular extensions that move substances along a cell’s surface

A

Cilia (“eyelashes”)

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30
Q

Tiny, fingerlike extensions of plasma membrane that project from an exposed cell surface. Purpose is to increase cell surface area, which helps it with the process of absorbing stuff.

A

Microvilli

31
Q

(Cell that connects body parts) Elongated shape, like the cable-like fibers it secretes. Abundant rough ER and large Golgi apparatus to make and distribute the protein building blocks of the fibers.

A

Fibroblasts

32
Q

Carries oxygen in blood, biconcave disk shape yields greater surface area for collecting oxygen and streamlines cell so it can easily float through bloodstream. No organelles, only space for oxygen. Cannot reproduce bc there is no nucleus.

A

Erythrocytes (red blood cells)

33
Q

Hexagonal shape allows this cell to pack together in sheets. Abundant intermediate filaments and desmosomes that resist tearing.

A

Epithelial Cell

34
Q

Elongated and filled with microfilaments so that the body of these cells can expand and contract. Forcefully move bones, pump blood, or facilitate shrinking/growing mechanism of heart so that substances get moved throughout the body.

A

Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle cells.

35
Q

Cell that has a spherical shape, which is produced by a large lipid droplet that takes up most of the cell.

A

Fat cell

36
Q

Pseudopods (false feet) to crawl through tissue infection sites. Contain abundant lysosomes to digest infectious micro organisms. “Eating”. Job is to fight viruses and bacteria. Produced in bone marrow.

A

White blood cells (phagocytes are a subdivision)

37
Q

This cell has long extensions to receive and transmit messages. They have an extensive plasma membrane, and have an abundance of rough ER to synthesize the membrane components and neurotransmitters (signaling molecules)

A

Neurons (nerve cells)

38
Q

Largest cell in the body. Contains several copies of all organelles for distribution to daughter cells.

A

Oocyte (egg from a uterus)

39
Q

Homogenous mixture of two or more components

A

Solution

40
Q

Dominant element in a solution (quantitywise)

A

Solvent

41
Q

Elements in a solution in smaller quantities

A

Solutes

42
Q

Within the cell. Collectively the nucleoplasm and the cytosol. Contains small amounts of gases (oxygen and CD), nutrients, and salts dissolved in water

A

Intracellular fluid

43
Q

Fluid that is omnipresent outside of cells, bathing them in a ‘suspicious stew’. Thousands of ingredients: Nutrients (amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, vitamins), hormones, neurotransmitters, salts, waste. Cells take nutrients / whatever they need from it, and reject the rest.

A

Extracellular fluid/Interstitial fluid

44
Q

Process in which the cell picks and chooses what gets to come in. Valuable cell proteins are able to be kept in while waste can be let out. Has passive processes (stuff can flow through naturally) and active processes (requiring ATP (metabolic energy) to initiate transport)

A

Selective permeability

45
Q

Process in which molecules and ions move from places where they are more concentrated to where they are less. Creates equilibrium on both sides of the semi-permeable membrane. Kinetic energy (molecule movement) is the energy source.

A

Diffusion

46
Q

Solutes transported this way are all lipid soluble. (Fats, fat soluble vitamins, oxygen, carbon dioxide)

A

Simple diffusion

47
Q

(Part of facilitated diffusion) - Resides in the lipid bilayer. Assists lipid insoluble or charged molecules through membrane pores.

A

Channel protein

48
Q

(Part of facilitated diffusion) - Undergoes shape changes that allow diffusion of a specific substance through the membrane.

A

Carrier protein

49
Q

(Passive process) Maintains overall solute concentrations between the cytosol and extracellular fluid. Diffusion of water specifically through a semi-permeable membrane. Although water is highly polar and therefore cannot go through the hydrophobic core of the plasma membrane, they require channel proteins to travel.

A

Osmosis

50
Q

(Passive process) A gradient similar to diffusion, but is based on a pressure gradient. Higher pressure in one area is going to make molecules move to a place with lower pressure. Mechanism is not selective, only blood cells and protein molecules that are too large to pass through membrane are left behind.

Ex. Kidneys. Water and small solutes originally in capillaries (blood vessels) travel to kidney tubules (areas to collect products that are filtered out of blood). Blood pressure in capillaries is higher than blood pressure in tubules, which causes water/other solutes to migrate.

A

Filtration

51
Q

When a cell uses ATP to move substances through the membrane. Circumstances where this would be necessary: molecules are too large to pass through membrane channels, membrane may lack special protein carriers for transport, molecules may not be able to dissolve in the fat core, or may have to move “uphill” against their concentration gradients

A

Active processes

52
Q

Total solute contration in an aqueous solution

A

Osmolarity

53
Q

Effect of osmotic solutions on cell volume

A

Tonicity

54
Q

Similar to facilitated diffusion in the sense that both processes require protein carriers to have substances transported. Different because facilitated diffusion’s main energy source is kinetic, this mechanism requires ATP to energize protein carriers (solute pumps) Sugars, Amino acids, and most ions are transported by this, mostly going against concentration or electrical gradients or the natural process of diffusion, which is why ATP is needed.

A

Active transport (solute pumps)

55
Q

ATP fuses/separates membrane vesicles, moves substances into or out of cells in bulk. Substances transported don’t technically go through the membrane bc it gets opened up

A

Vesicular transport

56
Q

Mechanism that cells use to excrete hormones, mucus, and other wastes. Unwanted substances are packaged by Golgi apparatus into a vesicle which travels to plasma membrane and fuses with a docking protein. It then lets out its contents into extracellular fluid.

A

Exocytosis

57
Q

“Cell drinking”. Cell ingests droplets of extracellular fluid. (Pino)t noir. Routine activity for cells.

A

Pinocytosis

58
Q

“Cell eating”. Protective mechanism - certain white blood cells (phagocytes) act as scavenger cells and ingest bacteria and other foreign debris in cells.

A

Phagocytosis

59
Q

Mechanism for taking up specific, targeted molecules (enzymes, hormones, cholesterol, iron). Flu viruses exploit this mechanism and use it to enter cells. Target molecules are enveloped in vesicle and brought in.

A

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

60
Q

Process that always precedes cell division. Helix unzips into two halves. Each half is used as the template for building a new complimentary strand. Process controlled by enzymes.

A

DNA replication

61
Q

(Step of Mitosis) Chromatin threads coil and become hardened shapes (chromosomes). Nuclear envelope and nucleoli have been broken down and temporarily disappear. Centrioles form mitotic spindle.

A

Prophase

62
Q

(Step of Mitosis) Chromosomes line up at the center of the mitotic spindle, x’s lined up in the middle of the cell

A

Metaphase

63
Q

(Step of Mitosis) Chromosomes split at their centromeres and become chromatids. Parts pulled to either side of cell. Division of these chromatids ensures that the daughter cells get one copy of every chromosome.

A

Anaphase

64
Q

(Step of Mitosis) Chromosomes at either end of the cell uncoil and become chromatin (thread). Spindle breaks down and disappears, nuclear envelope forms around each chromatin math, and nucleoli appear in each of the daughter nuclei.

A

Telophase (Prophase in reverse)

65
Q

(Step of Mitosis) Division of the cytoplasm. Begins in late anaphase and finished in late telophase. In some cases, the cytoplasm doesn’t divide, creating a single cell with two nuclei (binucleate cells) (common in liver and in formation of skeletal muscle)

A

Cytokinesis

66
Q

Functional proteins that speed up every chemical reaction that occur in cells.

A

Enzymes

67
Q

This serves as a decoder of DNA and a messenger to carry out instructions for building proteins to ribosomes.

A

RNA (Ribonucleic acid)

68
Q

Helps form ribosomes, structures where proteins are synthesized.

A

Ribosomal RNA

69
Q

Carries instructions from DNA for protein synthesis to ribosomes in cytoplasm. 1/2 of a DNA molecule.

A

mRNA (messenger RNA)

70
Q

Small, clover shaped molecule that transports amino acids to the ribosome.

A

tRNA (transfer RNA)

71
Q

Transcription - transfer of information from DNA to complimentary RNA via an enzyme. DNA is the template, RNA is the product.

Translation - Language of proteins (base sequence) is ‘translated’ into the language of proteins (amino acid sequence). Occurs in cytoplasm.

A

Protein Synthesis process

72
Q

Form of active transport where sodium and potassium ions go against their natural gradient and move to places where they are more concentrated rather than less. Sodium ions out, potassium ions in. Sodium is usually in higher amounts outside of the cell and lower inside, it goes from inside to outside against concentration gradient. Potassium is opposite: there are higher concentrations in the cell, so it is being brought in.

A

Sodium Potassium Pump

73
Q

Membrane proteins requiring ATP to move cells across the membrane.

A

Primary active transport

74
Q

Moves chemicals against gradients without ATP. Via a transport protein, one molecule goes through following the process of diffusion (low to high gradient). Other chemicals hitch a ride, and transport against their concentration via the protein.

A

Secondary active transport

Anatomy + Physiology (5 decks)

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