Chapter 3 (Part II): Tissues

Question 1

Epithelial (covering), Connective (support), Nervous (control), Muscle (movement). What category of the body are these?

Answer 1

Body tissues

Question 2

Function: protection, absorption, filtration, secretion. Lining, covering, granular tissue of the body. Layer that protects the body from its environment. All of the substances our body gives off or receive passes through this. Granular version specializes in secretion: sweat, oil, digestive enzymes, and mucus.

Answer 2

Epithelial Tissue

Question 3

“Glue” that holds the epithelium in place. Structureless material secreted by epithelial cells and connective tissue cells.

Answer 3

Basement Membrane

Question 4

Cells fit closely together in this layer of tissue to form sheets bound together by cell junctions like desmosomes (tentacles) and tight junctions. Cells are avascular - no blood supply of their own. They depend on diffusion from capillaries in connective tissue for food and oxygen.

Answer 4

Epithelial Tissue

Question 5

One layer of cells in this classification of epithelium

Answer 5

Simple epithelium

Question 6

More than one layer of cells in this classification of epithelium

Answer 6

Stratified epithelium

Question 7

Cells that are flattened like fish scales.

Answer 7

Squamous cells

Question 8

Thin, single layer of tile-like cells. Usually found where rapid diffusion occurs. Found in alveoli and walls of capillaries.

Answer 8

Simple squamous epithelium

Question 9

Multiple layered feature, made of specific kind of cells. Found in places that face friction, like surface skin, mouth, and esophagus.

Answer 9

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Question 10

Cells that are cube shaped

Answer 10

Cuboidal cells

Question 11

Common in glands, one layer of this type of cells resting on a basement membrane.

Answer 11

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Question 12

Column-like cells.

Answer 12

Columnar cells

Question 13

Single layer of cells that lines the entire length of the digestive tract from stomach to anus.

Answer 13

Simple columnar epithelium

Question 14

(A subdivision of glandular epithelium) - Ductless gland: secretions are exclusively hormonal and diffuse directly into the blood vessels that weave through the glands (EX: Thyroid, adrenals, pituitary)

Answer 14

Endocrine glands

Question 15

(A subdivision of glandular epithelium) - Glands have ducts. They are internal and external. They produce sweat and oil. Included are the liver and pancreas.

Answer 15

Exocrine glands

Question 16

Function of this type of tissue: Protecting, supporting, cushioning, and insulating other body tissues, found all over our body. Consists of living cells surrounded by extracellular matrix (syrupy ground substance). Tissues under this umbrella term are poorly vascularized or avascular all together. (Cartilage, ligaments).

Answer 16

Connective tissues

Question 17

Produced by secretions of connective tissue cells. Two main elements: Structureless ground substance, made of water, cell adhesion proteins, and large, polysaccharide molecules. Element 2: Fibers.
Variations in matrix give them the ability to form soft packing tissues around other organs to give them weight and to withstand stretching.

Answer 17

Extracellular Matrix

Question 18

Composed of bone cells sitting in cavities called lacunae. Contains calcium and an abundance of collagen fibers.

Answer 18

Osseous tissue (Bone)

Question 19

Main cell: Chondrocytes. Collagen fibers provide strength. Forms trachea, windpipe, attached to ribs of breastbone, and covers bone ends at joints.

Answer 19

Cartilage (Connective tissue)

Question 20

Forms strong, rope like structures so tendons and ligaments can withstand tension in one direction.

Answer 20

Dense connective tissue

Question 21

General purpose is to rid the body of excess fluid. “Glue” that helps to hold the internal organs together and in proper positions. Provides a reservoir of water and salts for surrounding tissues. Soaks up excess fluid from inflamed areas like a sponge (edema), which creates swelling.

Answer 21

Areolar (Loose connective tissue)

Question 22

Cells in this tissue’s bodies are mostly occupied by a droplet of far, compressing their nucleus to one side of the cell. This tissue insulates the body and protects specific organs like kidneys and eyeballs.

Answer 22

Adipose (Fat cells)

Question 23

Network of interwoven fibers. Forms internal framework of organs. Branching, mesh-like appearance.

Answer 23

Reticular connective tissue

Question 24

General: Carries nutrients, wastes, respiratory gases, white blood cells, and other substance throughout the body. This tissue consists of ____ cells cells surrounded by ______ plasma. Fibers of _______ - soluble proteins only visible during clotting.

Answer 24

Blood (vascular tissue)

Question 25

This tissue is designed to contract, which provides the force required to produce movement. Irritable (responsive to stimuli). 3 types: skeletal, cardiac, smooth. Irritable and contractile.

Answer 25

Muscle tissue

Question 26

Flesh of the body, (the muscular system). Has striations, meaning that they contract. When they do contract, they pull on bones or skin, creating body movement, including changes in facial expressions. Cells are long, cylindrical, and multinucleate. Often referred to as muscle fibers. Features obvious stripes.

Answer 26

Skeletal muscle tissue

Question 27

Muscle exclusively in the walls of the heart. Has striations and a cells have single nucleus. Cells fit tightly together (like clasped fingers) at junctions called intercalated disks. Junctions allow ions to pass from cell to cell.

Answer 27

Cardial muscle tissue

Question 28

No striations visible. Flexible, found in walls of hollow organs like the stomach, uterus, and blood vessels. They contract and expand, causing the organ to get smaller or larger so the organ can function.

Answer 28

Smooth Muscle tissue

Question 29

Irritable, quality of conductivity. Cytoplasm of these cells is extended so they can send impulses to distant body locations. These cells make up this tissue, and they vary in size. Contains brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

Answer 29

Nervous tissue (neurons)

Question 30

Accomplished in two major ways: regeneration and fibrosis.

Answer 30

Tissue repair

Question 31

Replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kinds of cells.

Answer 31

Regeneration

Question 32

Repair by dense connective tissues by the formation of scar tissue. Depends on the type of tissue and severity of the injury.

Answer 32

Fibrosis

Question 33

Series of events after tissue injury

Answer 33

Inflammation, granulation tissue formation, regeneration/fibrosis: permanent repair

Question 34

Where the injury occurs, the damaged cells release inflammatory chemicals that makes nearby capillaries very permeable. Fluid, rich in clotting proteins, is released into the bloodstream and hold the edges of the wound together to prevent blood loss. A clot forms, blocking off the exposed area from the rest of the body. When the clot is exposed to air, it scabs.

Answer 34

Inflammation

Question 35

A pink tissue mostly comprised of new capillaries. Contains Phagocytes, which dispose of blood clots, and Connective Tissue Cells (fibroblasts), which produce scar tissue to permanently bridge the gap.

Answer 35

Granulation Tissue Formation

Question 36

Epithelium regenerates, makes its way between granulation tissue and scab. Scab detaches. Scar is composed of dense connective tissue (result of Fibrosis).

Answer 36

Regeneration and Fibrosis: Permanent repair

Question 37

Body tissues/organs enlarge as a result of cells multiplying wildly due to a local irritant or condition that stimulates the cells. Ex. Breast enlargement during pregnancy - due to hormonal increases

Answer 37

Hyperplasia

Question 38

Bones

Answer 38

Supporting connective tissue

Answer 39

fluid connective tissue

Answer 40

Connective tissue proper