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Milady Fundamentals Chapters 1-6 Test Review > Chapter 3 - Physiology and Histology of the Skin > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Physiology and Histology of the Skin Flashcards

1
Q

Physiology is most accurately described as the study of the ______

A

Functions of the body structures

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2
Q

The largest organ of the body is the ______

A

Skin

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3
Q

Appendages of the skin include ______

A

Hair, nails, sweat and oil glands

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4
Q

What removes and depletes lipids?

A

Exfoliation

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5
Q

What does the skin protect against?

A

Outside elements and microorganisms

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6
Q

The barrier function of the skin includes ______

A

Acid mantle

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7
Q

What is the average pH of the acid mantle?

A

5.5

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8
Q

What does TEWL stand for?

A

Transepidermal water loss

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9
Q

The intercellular cement between epidermal cells is made up of ______

A

Lipids

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10
Q

The immune cells that mature in the thymus gland and attack virus-infected cells, foreign cells, and cancer cells are the ______

A

T cells

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11
Q

Sensory nerve fibers are most abundant in the ______

A

Fingertips

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12
Q

The average body’s internal thermostat is set at ______ degrees Fahrenheit.

A

98.6

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13
Q

Which glands excrete perspiration?

A

Sudoriferous

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14
Q

The sebaceous glands ______

A

Excrete sebum

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15
Q

Some states define the esthetician’s scope of practice as “not beyond the DEJ,” which means that estheticians are to treat ______

A

The epidermis only

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16
Q

About 95 percent of the epidermis is made up of ______

A

Keratinocytes

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17
Q

Which description most accurately describes the stratum lucidum?

A

The clear cells

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18
Q

What is the average adult skin cell turnover rate?

A

28 days

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19
Q

Desquamation is the ______

A

Shedding of keratinocytes from the skin

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20
Q

Squamous cells are ______

A

Flat, scaly cells

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21
Q

Which layer of the epidermis is located just below the stratum corneum?

A

Stratum germinativum

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22
Q

On which of these parts of the body is skin the thickest?

A

Palms

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23
Q

Keratin and intercellular lipids are formed in the ______

A

Stratum granulosum

24
Q

Which layer of the skin contains melanocytes?

A

Stratum germinativum

25
Q

Mitosis occurs in which layer of the skin?

A

Stratum germinativum

26
Q

Which cells in the basal layer produce pigment granules?

A

Melanocytes

27
Q

The thickest layer of the skin is called the ______

A

Dermis

28
Q

The two layers of the dermis are the ______ and ______

A

Papillary and reticular

29
Q

What is the technical term for a nail?

A

Onyx

30
Q

How long does it take for a fingernail to fully grow out?

A

4-6 months

31
Q

Stretch marks are caused by ______

A

Damaged elastin fibers

32
Q

The primary cause of wrinkles is the damage and loss of ______

A

Elastin

33
Q

Subcutis, or ______ tissue, is found below the reticular layer in the dermis.

A

Adipose

34
Q

Identify the answer that is not a layer of the epidermis

A

Stratum epithelium

35
Q

If you have folliculitis, you have ______

A

An inflammation of the follicle

36
Q

Which fibers stimulate the arrector pili muscles?

A

Motor nerve fibers

37
Q

Differences in genetic skin color are due to the ______

A

Amount of melanin activated in the skin

38
Q

Products that suppress melanin production by interrupting biochemical processes are referred to as ______

A

Tyrosinase inhibitors

39
Q

Apocrine glands are most active ______

A

During emotional changes

40
Q

Cells need ______, ______, and ______ to survive.

A

Nourishment, ability to function, protection.

41
Q

Which of the following stimulates cell turnover?

A

Alpha hydroxy acids

42
Q

Identify the greatest aging effect on skin.

A

UV rays

43
Q

______ are known as burning rays because they cause burning of the skin, tanning, aging, and cancer.

A

UVB rays

44
Q

Approximately ______-______ percent of aging caused by sun exposure.

A

80 to 85

45
Q

As estrogen depletes, skin begins to ______

A

Lose its tone

46
Q

What is the main function of secretory nerve fibers?

A

Regulate excretion from the sweat glands and control sebum output

47
Q

______ are made up of neurons that form a network of pathways for conducting information throughout the body.

A

Nerves

48
Q

Nerve fibers send messages to the ______ system and brain to react to heat and cold.

A

Central nervous

49
Q

Why are apocrine glands not considered true sweat glands by some medical authorities?

A

Their openings connect to oil glands instead of pore openings.

50
Q

Which system controls the excretion of sweat?

A

Nervous system

51
Q

The ______ glands secrete oil and the ______ glands secrete sweat.

A

Sebaceous; sudoriferous

52
Q

The loss of excess fluid may lead to what in the body?

A

Dehydration

53
Q

What are cordlike bundles of fibers made up of neurons through which sensory stimuli pass?

A

Nerves

54
Q

Where are the largest sebaceous glands found?

A

On the face

55
Q

Free radicals take electrons from compounds in the body. Which of the following is not considered an antioxidant?

A

Collagen

56
Q

Glycation, an intrinsic part of the aging process, is caused by what?

A

Rise in blood sugar

57
Q

What can an esthetician suggest to a client experiencing menopause to balance their estrogen level?

A

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)

Milady Fundamentals Chapters 1-6 Test Review (5 decks)

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