Chapter 3 Pt 1

Question 1

Hydrocarbons

Answer 1

Molecules consisting only of carbon and hydrogen
Make good fuels because carbon-hydrogen bonds store considerable energy
Non polar

Question 2

Functional groups

Answer 2

Hydroxyl -OH found in (carbo hydrates, proteins, nuclei acids, and lipids)(ethanol)(polar because of electro negativity in oxygen)
Carbonyl- found in (carbo hydrates, and nucleic acids) acetaldehyde (polar)
Carboxyl- found in (proteins&lipids) (acetic acid)
Amino- found in (proteins, nucleic acids) ex (alanine)
Sulfhydryl- found in (proteins) ex (cysteine)
Phosphate- found in (nucleic acids) ex (glycerol phosphate)
Methyl- found in (proteins) ex (alanine)

Question 3

Isomers/ structural isomers

Answer 3

Organic molecules having the same molecular or empirical formula can exist in different forms
Differences in the actual structure of the carbon skeleton (structural isomer)

Question 4

Stereoisomers

Answer 4

Same carbon skeleton but differ in how the groups attached to this skeleton are arranged in space

Question 5

Enantiomers

Answer 5

Subcategory of stereoisomers that mirror images of each other

Question 6

Chiral molecule

Answer 6

Molecule that has mirror image versions
Characterized by their effect on polarized light
When carbon is bound to four different groups the resulting molecule is said to be chiral

Question 7

Polymer

Answer 7

Long molecule built by linking together a large number of small similar chemical subunits called monomers

Question 8

Carbon

Answer 8

Valence of 4

Question 9

Dehydration reactions

Answer 9

Chemical reaction is called condensation

Question 10

Carbohydrates

Answer 10

Loosely defined group of molecules that all contain carbon hydrogen and oxygen in the molar ratio 1:2:1

Question 11

Monosaccharide

Answer 11

Means single sugar called simple sugars ex: glucose

Can exist as a linear or ring form

Question 12

Fructose

Answer 12

Structural isomer that differs in the position of the carbonyl carbon
Fructose tastes much sweeter than glucose

Question 13

Disaccharide

Answer 13

Transport forms of sugars are commonly made by linking two monosaccharides together

Question 14

polysaccharides

Answer 14

Longer polymers made up of monosaccharides that have been joined through dehydration reactions

Question 15

Starch

Cellulose

Answer 15

Storage polysaccharide consists entirely of alpha molecules linked in long chains . Starch with the simplest structure is amylose
A structural polysaccharide also consists of glucose molecules linked in chains but they are beta-glucose

Question 16

Maltose

Answer 16

Organisms store the metabolic energy contained in monosaccharides by converting them into disaccharides
These are then linked together into insoluble polysaccharides called starches

Question 17

Glycogen

Answer 17

Comparable molecule to starch in animals
Insolvable polysaccharide containing branched amylose chains. Has a longer average chain length and more branches than plant starch

Question 18

Chitin

Answer 18

Structural material found in Arthropoda and many fungi, is a polymer of a substituted version of glucose

Question 19

DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid

Answer 19

Nucleic acids carry info inside cells
Genetic info is stored in DNA
Consists of 2 polynucleotide chains running in opposite directions wrapped about a single helical axis

Question 20

RNA-ribonucleic acid

Answer 20

Short lived copies of genetic info

Contain ribose sugars

Question 21

Nucleotides

Answer 21

long polymers of repeating subunits
Consists of three components: pentose (5 carbon sugar), a phosphate, and an organic nitrogenous base
Can form polymers by joining phosphate of one nucleotide to a hydroxyl group on the sugar of another nucleotide

Question 22

Nucleotide (cont)

Answer 22

5 types of nitrogenous bases
Two are large double ring molecules called purines that can be found in DNA and RNA. The two purines are adenine and guanine
The other 3 are single ring molecules called pyramid in es that include cytosine, thymine, and uracil

Question 23

Proteins and amino acids

Answer 23

Proteins are linear polymers made with 20 different amino acids
Protein is composed of one or more long unbranded chain called a polypeptide
Amino acids contain an amino group and an acidic carboxyl group

Question 24

20 different amino acids grouped into five chemical classes based on their r group

Answer 24

Nonpolar amino acids; leucine. Often have R groups that contain CH2 or CH3
Polar uncharged, threonine, r group contains oxygen
Charged amino acids, glutamic acid, r group contains acids or bases that can ionize
Aromatic amino acids, phenylalanine, r group contain an organic carbon ring with alternating single and double bonds, nonpolar
Amino acids that have special functional have unique properties, methionine

Question 25

Tertiary structure

Answer 25

Final folded shape of a globular protein

Stabilized by hydrogen bonding between R groups of different amino acids

Question 26

Quaternary structure

Answer 26

2 or more polypeptide chains associate to form a functional protein, the individual chains are referred to as subunits of the protein. The arrangement of the subunits is quaternary structure

Question 27

4 structural elements in nucleotide base

Answer 27

Phosphate

3 prime hydroxyl