Chapter 3 review questions Flashcards by GEDALIA GARCIA

Carlos avoids _____ on the ingredient list of packaged foods because he has celiac disease.

A. corn flour, rice flour, and almond flour
B. soy, peanuts, and lactose
C. wheat, rye, and barley
D. starch

Wheat, rye, and barley

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_____ requires a carrier protein and energy to transport nutrients into the cells lining the gastrointestinal tract

A. simple diffusion
B. Facilitated diffusion
C. passive transport
D. active transport

Active transport ( active transport requires energy)

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The time it takes for food to travel through the gastrointestinal tract varies between _____ hours.

A. 48 and 72
B. 18 and 36
C. 24 and 72
D. 36 and 48

24 and 72

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Chemical messengers that participate in the control and regulation of body processes are known as

A. saliva
B. Hormones
C. mucus
D. enzymes

Hormones ( hormones are produced in various organs and deliver messages throughout the body)

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What organ is responsible for secreting bile rather than digestive enzymes?

A. liver
B. small intestine
C. salivary gland
D. pancreas

Liver.

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What is a primary feature of segmentation contractions?
A. they primarily involve the contraction of circular muscles
B. they occur in the mouth
C. they break chemical bonds
D. they are wavelike

They primarily involve the contraction of circular muscles (Segmentation contractions primarily involve the contraction of circular muscles )

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What is a primary feature of segmentation contractions?
A. they primarily involve the contraction of circular muscles
B. they occur in the mouth
C. they break chemical bonds
D. they are wavelike

They primarily involve the contraction of circular muscles (Segmentation contractions primarily involve the contraction of circular muscles)

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___ stimulates the gallbladder to release bile

A. cholecystokinin (CCK)
B. bicarbonate
C. hydrochloric acid
D. mucus

Cholecystokinin (CCK)
- CCK is released from the small intestine

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The process by which nutrients are removed from the lumen of the GI tract is called:

A. digestion
B. excretion
C. ingestion
D. absorption

Absorption - absorption brings nutrients into the blood or lymph

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Which statement about the pyloric sphincter is true ?

A. It functions as a sieve regulating the size of food particles that progress down the GI tract.
B. Acid reflux occurs when it relaxes inappropriately.
C. It controls the rate at which the bolus enters the stomach.
D. Fiber will relax the sphincter, slowing the rate of digestion

It functions as a sieve regulating the size of food particles that progress down the GI tract.
(the pyloric sphincter functions as a sieve, regulating the size of particles that pass into the small intestine.)

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Gastric acids assist in the digestion of:
A. lipids
B. lipids and carbohydrates
C. Carbohydrates
D. protein

Protein ( an acidic environment will denature protein)

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What organ produces nonenzymatic substances that are necessary for the digestion of lipids?

A. liver
B. gallbladder
C. small intestine
D. pancreas

Liver (the liver secretes bile)

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what types of transport mechanism can transport substances against a concentration gradient?

A. active transport
B. simple diffusion
C. facilitated diffusion and active transport
D. Simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion

Active transport

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What is the special structural feature of the small intestine designed to increase its absorptive area?

A. J-shaped sac
B. ring-like muscles
C. sphincter
D. brush border

brush border ( the brush border increases the surface area of the small intestine)

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Which organ of the GI tract absorbs water and some minerals?

A. stomach
B. large intestine
C. mouth
D. small intestine

Large intestine ( the large intestine is involved in excretion and some nutrient absorption)

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After absorption, what organ will fats encounter first?

A. lungs
B. skeletal muscles
C. liver
D. heart

Heart ( fats travel through the lymph after absorption)

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The three __ layers in the stomach enable this organ to engage in powerful contractions

A. gastric juice
B. muscle
C. fat
D. mucus

Muscle (muscle has contractile properties )

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__ is a viscous solution that lubricates and protects the gastrointestinal tract.

A. hydrochloric acid
B. Bile
C. mucus
D. protease

Mucus ( a thick layer of mucus lines the stomach )

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The majority of fecal dry weight is composed of

A. bacteria
B. undigested dietary substances
C. Discarded epithelial cells
D. Fiber

Bacteria ( bacteria make up approximately 50 percent of fecal weight )

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Probiotics are found in
A. oatmeal
B. eggs
C. yogurt
D. applesauce

Yogurt

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Which of the following are absorbed from the large intestine
A. amino acids
B. sugars
C. some vitamins
D. lipids

Some vitamins ( small amounts of some vitamins are absorbed from the large intestine)

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Individuals with celiac disease can eat which of the following grains?
A. barley
B. rye
C. rice
D. wheat

Rice (rice does not contain gluten)

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A collection of cells that have a similar origin is a (an):

A. organelle
B. tissue
C. organ system
D. Organ

Tissue ( a tissue is made of cells with a specific function)

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What organ produces the substance that neutralizes gastric acid once chyme leaves the stomach?

Pancreas ( the pancreas releases bicarbonate)

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Before nutrients can be absorbed, ___ is required for chemical digestion A. churning B. emulsification C. enzymes D. segmentation

Enzymes ( enzymes assist in breakdown of molecules during digestion)

__ is a condition caused by stomach contents backing into the esophagus A. acid reflux B. ingestion C. excretion D. absorption

Acid reflux ( acid reflux occurs when gastric juice is pushed back into the esophagus)

Jose includes high-fiber foods in his diet because they : A. relax the stomach contractions B. help him feel full longer C. promote rapid stomach emptying D. are calorie free

Help him feel full longer ( fiber provides bulk to a meal )

which of the following is a major organ of the digestive system? A. esophagus B. salivary gland C. liver D. gallbladder

Esophagus ( the esophagus is the organ that delivers the bolus from the mouth to the stomach )

which of these is an accessory organ of the digestive tract? A. mouth B. rectum C. esophagus D. pancreas

pancreas

Chewing mixes food with A. saliva B. gastric juice C. bile D. protease

Saliva

FBefore Jamie knew he had celiac disease, he became malnourished because: A. autoimmune cells destroy the villi of the small intestine B. fat must first enter lymphatic vessels before they find their way into the blood C. high-fiber foods are not digested and absorbed in this disease D. he lacks the digestive enzymes for proteins

Autoimmune cells destroy the villi of the small intestine (villi assist in nutrient absorption )

Jorge suffers from acid reflux so food and stomach acid are occasionally regurgitated back into his: A. esophagus B. mouth C. small intestine D. large intestine

Esophagus ( the esophagus is a tube that releases the bolus into the stomach )

Ana controls her symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) by avoiding: A. fatty foods B. cooked vegetables C. cold fluids D. raw fruits

Fatty foods (fatty foods initiate the secretion of gastric juice)

The amylase enzyme breaks down starch because the enzyme : A. digests all carbohydrate foods B. reacts only with specific compounds that can bind at its active site C. absorbs sugar molecules D. works only in the saliva

reacts only with specific compounds that can bind at its active site (enzymes bind to their coordinating molecule.)

The mechanical digestion process that moves the contents through the GI tract is called: A. peristalsis B. segmentation C. regurgitation D. churning

Peristalsis (peristalsis involves propulsive muscle contractions)

Most fats first enter the ___ before reaching the bloodstream A. active transport B. liver C. lymphatic system D. gastrointestinal (GI) system

Lymphatic system (chylomicrons transport fats and fat-soluble vitamins)

___ involves muscle contractions in the small intestine that mix its contents with digestive juices. A. peristalsis B. excretion C. segmentation D. chewing

Segmentation ( segmentation results in no net forward movement of material in the GI tract)

__ is a term used to describe the contractions of the smooth muscles of the gastrointestinal tract. A. inflammation B. motility C. gastritis D. emulsification

Motility ( motility mixes digestive fluids and propels food through the GI tract )

Foods that promote the growth of good bacteria in the large intestine are called: A. prebiotics B. essential fatty acids C. animal-source proteins D. probiotics

Prebiotics (prebiotics are undigested carbohydrates)

The ring-like muscle that allows one-way entry into the stomach is called the lower esophageal: A. opening B. sphincter C. bolus D. villi

Sphincter ( the sphincter relaxes or contracts to open or close a bodily passageway)

FA common symptom of ulcerative colitis is : A. diarrhea B. gallstones C. constipation D. hemorrhoids

Diarrhea (diarrhea is a common symptom in digestive disorders )

Which statement about the stomach is true? A. it produces saliva B. it is the only organ in the GI tract that performs segmentation C. the majority of mechanical digestion occurs here D. the majority of chemical digestion occurs here

The majority of mechanical digestion occurs here ( the stomach has three layers of muscles that produce churning and mixing)

Amylase breaks down:

Starch

cells that absorb nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract are of what tissue type? A. epithelial tissue B. muscles tissue C. connective tissue D. nervous tissue

epithelial tissue ( the epithelial lining of the mucosa is the innermost layer)

Which statement about cholecystokinin (CKK) is true? A. it stimulates the release of saliva B. it is an enzyme produced by the pancreas C. it stimulates the liver to produce bile D. it stimulates the gallbladder to release bile

It stimulates the gallbladder to release bile ( CCK does stimulate the gallbladder to release bile )

After being absorbed, most fats leave the small intestine: A. via lymph B. via veins C. Via arteries D. and immediately enter the liver

via lymph (lymph is a watery fluid surrounding tissue. )

Following absorption, which of these substances enter the lymph before being transported to the liver? A. minerals B. sugars C. fat-soluble vitamins D. amino acids

fat-soluble vitamins (fat-soluble vitamins are transported with lipids.)

An organ that produces digestive enzymes and releases bicarbonate is the: A. pancreas B. liver C. gallbladder D. large intestine

Pancreas (the pancreas produces substances that digest energy- containing molecules.)

to control constipation, Erick's dietitian prescribed a ___ diet. A. gluten-free B. low-fluid C. low- sodium D. high-fiber

High- fiber (fiber helps with the control of excretion of feces.)

What types of transport mechanisms require a transport protein? A. facilitated diffusion, active transported, and simple diffusion B. facilitated diffusion and active transport C. simple diffusion and active transport D. simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion

facilitated diffusion and active transport (Facilitated diffusion and active transport require a protein for transport. )

___ is a fluid required for lipid digestion and absorption A. water B. bile C. chyme D. saliva

Bile (bile is released by the gallbladder)

Which of these disorders is most likely to result in severe malnutrition? A. crohn's disease B. diverticular disease C. ulcerative disease D. irritable bowel syndrome

Crohn's disease

The __ releases bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid

Pancreas (the pancreas produces enzymes required for nutrient breakdown )

___ is a condition characterized by pouches in the lining of the digestive tract. A. inflammatory bowel disease B. diverticular disease C. Celiac disease D. GERD

Diverticular disease (age is a risk factor for diverticular disease )

What type of cells line the luminal surface of the gastrointestinal tract? A. mucosal cells B. myeloid cells C. connective cells D. fibroblast cells

Mucosal cells (mucosal cells line the walls of the small intestine and other organs in the gastrointestinal tract)

the effects of celiac disease are felt throughout the body because : A. gluten is transported by simple diffusion B. gluten travels through the bloodstream C. celiac disease is a circulatory disease D. immune cells go to different parts of the body

Immune cells go to different parts of the body

Which of the following is an action of the large intestine? A. absorption of fatty acids B. absorption of carbs C. absorption of water D. production of intestinal digestive enzymes

Absorption of water ( significant amounts of water are absorbed from the large intestine )

_____ is the rhythmic contraction of the smooth muscles of the gastrointestinal tract A. mastication B. ingestion C. peristalsis D. digestion

peristalsis * peristalsis is mechanical digestion*

The _____ stores food and adds acids, enzymes, and gastric juice to the food while grinding it into a semi-liquid A. stomach B. mouth C. gallbladder D. pancreas

Stomach *the stomach creates chyme through chemical and mechanical digestion*

enzymes located on the brush border complete the digestion of: A. minerals B. fiber C. carbs, proteins , and lipids D. vitamins

Carbs, proteins, and lipidsi i

Which of the following is the correct order of the body's organization from smallest to largest? A. organ systems, organs, tissues, cells B. organ systems, tissues, organs, cells C. tissues, cells, organ systems, organs D. cells, tissues, organs, organ system

Cells, tissues, organs, organ system