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Nutrition > Chapter 1 review questions > Flashcards

Chapter 1 review questions Flashcards

1
Q

What is the relationship between Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) and Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)

A

The RDA is higher than the EAR because it accounts for a safety factor to meet the needs of most healthy individuals in a population.

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2
Q

When is an Adequate Intake established?

A

When insufficient data exist to determine an RDA for a nutrient.

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3
Q

Why should the Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) be used with caution?

A

The EER represents average energy needs, so it meets or exceeds the needs of half of the individuals in a group.

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4
Q

The adequate and safe intake range of nutrients

A

Varies from one nutrient to the next; some ranges are wide; others are narrow.

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5
Q

What is the consequence of nutrient intake outside the adequate and safe range?

A

Consuming less than the adequate and safe range over time may lead to depletion of nutrient stores and malnutrition.

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6
Q

Which of the following is TRUE of both essential and nonessential nutrients?

A

They are required for maintaining body functions.

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7
Q

Dietary excesses play a major role in promoting which type of diseases?

A

Chronic diseases

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8
Q

Which of the following nutrients do NOT supply energy ?

A

Vitamins

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9
Q

Organic compounds that are required in small quantities belong to which class of nutrients?

A

Vitamins

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10
Q

Which of the following chemicals provide health benefits and give plant foods their color, aroma, and flavor?

A

Phytochemicals

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11
Q

What dietary reference intake value is used in setting the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs)?

A

Estimated Average Requirement

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12
Q

Specific RDAs do not exist for which of the following population groups??

A

Athletes

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13
Q

Which dietary reference intake (DRI) standard is least effective when planning for adequate intake of nutrients in your diet?

A

Adequate Intake (AI)

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14
Q

Which of the following statements regarding RDAs is true?

A

As a person’s intake of a nutrient decreases relative to the RDA, his or her risk of a deficiency increases.

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15
Q

Marnie is pregnant and taking vitamin A supplements to boost her immune system and prevent night blindness. However, she is concerned that she may be increasing the risk of serious birth defects in her unborn child. Which DRI would inform Marnie about the maximum amount of Vitamin A she could consume without risk of side effects?

A

Upper LImit (UL)

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16
Q

What DRI value is expressed as a percent of total daily calories?

A

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR)

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17
Q

The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) recommends that 45% to 65% of total caloric intake come from carbohydrates. If Shawn consumes a 3000-kilocalorie diet, how many kilocalories should he obtain from carbohydrates?

A

1350-1950 kilocalories

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18
Q

What is the first step in the scientific process?

A

Make an observation

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19
Q

A peer review paper is one that:

A

is critiqued by independent experts in the discipline to determine that the study followed the scientific method.

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20
Q

Which of the following types of studies is NOT an experiment?

A

Epidemiological study

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21
Q

Which of the following statements is NOT true about a randomized controlled trial?

A

The main purpose of this research design is to observe variables in a population

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22
Q

An experimental protocol requires that a nutrient deficiency be induced to assess its effects on memory. What is the most appropriate study design to address this question?

A

Animal experiment

23
Q

Which of the following is likely to be the LEAST credible source for nutrition information?

A

Information found a website selling dietary supplements.

24
Q

A nutrition scientist would typically study

A

Nutrient transportation within the body

25
To obtain a healthy range of intakes for carbohydrates, protein, and total fat, people with diabetes: A. use the EAR B. exceed the UL C. apply the EER D. follow the AMDR
Follow the AMDR
26
A compound from a particular spice has just been identified and isolated. It is thought that this compound may have anticancer properties. What general type of study design would be appropriate to address this question? A. Animal experiment B. Epidemiological study C. Randomized controlled trial D. Observation
Animal experiment
27
The science of nutrition includes knowledge of economics and culture. What aspect of nutrition science knowledge is influenced by these sciences? A. factors affecting availability and choices B. identifying chemical components of foods C. actions of food chemicals on the body D. effects of food on health and disease
Factors affecting availability and choices
28
The area of study that looks at cross-generational exposure to nutrients, toxins, and behaviors is called: A. biology B. Epigenetics C. Physiology D. Chemistry
Epigenetics
29
After gathering sufficient evidence to generate an ___ for a nutrient, that value is used to establish an RDA for the same nutrient. A. UL B. EER C. EAR D. AL
EAR (ear should not be used as a recommendation value)
30
The developmental origins hypothesis states that:
Certain diseases originate from conditions during pregnancy and infancy.
31
What two DRI values will never coexist for the same nutrient ?
Al and RDA ( aim to use the Al if the RDA is not established)
32
What is true about lycopene?
Lycopene may reduce the risk of cancer in humans (lycopene is found in red-colored fruits and vegetables)
33
As a component of the cell membrane, ____, provide insulation for the body
fats (phospholipids are a type of fat)
34
If a meal contains 20g of protein, how many calories will you consume from protein?
80 calories
35
How many calories does a gram of protein have?
4 calories
36
What value is the BEST estimate for meeting the need for a particular nutrient when there are insufficient data?
Al (this DRI is used when the RDA is not established)
37
What is true about obesity?
Obesity is a public health concern
38
The highly processed foods common in the " westernized " diet are: Low in sodium, high in fiber, low in calories, or low in potassium?
Low in potassium ( processed foods are high in sodium and calories)
39
Which one of these choices provides the correct AMDR for the listed macronutrient? A. Protein, 20-35 percent B. Protein, 10-35 percent C. Fat, 15-35 percent D. Carbohydrates, 40-60 percent
PROTEIN, 10-35 %
40
Although not nutrients, ___ are commonly found in fruits, vegetables, whole grains and are beneficial to human health.
Phytochemicals
41
Which statement about micronutrients is true?
They are essential nutrients obtained from food. (vitamins and minerals cannot be synthesized in the body. )
42
What DRI value is established for only the energy-yielding macronutrients?
AMDR - amdr gives ranges for daily caloric intake of nutrients.
43
Which of the following BEST describes the Tolerable Upper Intake level for a nutrient?
It is the highest level of intake that appears to be safe for regular consumption by nearly everyone. (individuals should not exceed the UL for a nutrient.)
44
What is true about alcohol ??
Alcohol is not a nutrient - it is a toxin
45
Which of the following is a trace mineral? Iron, sodium, magnesium, calcium
IRON - it is needed in small amounts
46
When the nutrient intake falls between the RDA and the UL, it is likely that the intake is :
Adequate and safeeeee
47
Dona is interested in cutting back on her calorie intake. Which nutrient offers highest number of calories per GRAM?
Fat- fats are energy denseeeee
48
Vitamin A toxicity can cause liver disease and :
Birth defects- vitamin A toxicity can be dangerous during pregnancy.
49
Undernutrition can be caused by :
Poor absorption of nutrients
50
How many kilocalories does protein, carbs, and fats contain?
protein and carbs = 4, and fats = 9
51
Experimental model systems: aka animal experiments
can be performed when human studies would be too costly, would be unethical, or would require an impractical length of time to complete.
52
Epidemiological studies
observe the association between variables in a population.
53
Randomized controlled trial
Subjects are recruited and randomly assigned to an experimental group and a control group; The experimental group received the treatment while the control group receives a placebo.
54
It is observed that the people in a study who report the highest intake of added sugars in their diet are at an increased risk of developing diabetes and heart disease. What kind of study is this?
Epidemiologic study

Nutrition (3 decks)

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