Chapter 3- RNA Transcription

Question 1

What is a link between ohenotype and genotype and what does it cause.

Answer 1

Proteins are the link between ohenotype and genotype. It causes the external and internal features of a human.

Question 2

What is gene expression

Answer 2

Transcription and translation that makes proteins.

Question 3

Rna is just ___ gene long which causes what

Answer 3

It is 1 gene long and causes only 1 protein to be made in eukaryotes.

Question 4

Rna acts like ____ and __________

Answer 4

Dna; catalyses some reactions.

Question 5

What are mrnas

Answer 5

Presents codons to the ribosomes

Question 6

What are small nucleaur rna

Answer 6

Only in nucleus and is only used in splicing.

Question 7

What is micro rna

Answer 7

Small non coding rna thats us3d in expression or depression

Question 8

What is hnrna and premrna

Answer 8

Only in nucleus and is a precursor to mrna

Question 9

What is trna

Answer 9

Presents amino acids to ribosomes

Question 10

What is ribosomal rna

Answer 10

Ribosomes r made of rrna

Question 11

What are ribizymes

Answer 11

Do the catakytic reactions

Question 12

Mrna has ______ and what are they

Answer 12

Has codons and are three nucletides

Question 13

______. Serves as a codon storage molecule and. ________. Serves as codon presenting molecule

Answer 13

Dna; MRNA

Question 14

Once proteins are made they are ____________

Answer 14

Post translational,y modified

Question 15

Proteins considt of __________. Chains

Answer 15

1 or more polypeptide chains

Question 16

Dna has 99% of ______ and 1% ________

Answer 16

Introns that are non coding to prevent mutations and exons are 1% that are coding that are transcribed

Question 17

What is the step that takes place in nucleus

Answer 17

At first the dna is transcribed and made into pre mrna that is post transcriptionally modified to form mrna which si then translocated outside of the nucleus to ribosomes to be made into proteins

Question 18

What controls transcription in eukaryotes

Answer 18

Rna polymerase 2

Question 19

What does rna polymerase do

Answer 19

Searches dna for intitiation site mainly at promoter and starts unwinding along with transcriptionsl factors (protein tflld, tfllb, tflle, tfllh, tfllf). They assist the rna polymerase to assist or inhibit transcription by forming a preinitiation complex. This is intitiation. Then after unwinding they use template strand. ( 3’-5’) anti sense and snti coding strand to elongate. The nucleotides arrange by complementsrily to form 5’-3’ mrna and form phosphodiester bond. Tf recognide snd regulate different gene expressions. Once termination signal is reached, transcription is stopped

Question 20

Coding strand has what

Answer 20

It has the code and resembles the mrna and also is known as sense strand too. (5’-3’)

Question 21

Rna polymerase 2 is inhibited by what

Answer 21

A amantin in mushrooms

Question 22

Whats upstream or downstream

Answer 22

Upstream is to the left and has + numbers and downstream is to the right and has - numbers

Question 23

Where are promoter regions located

Answer 23

They are upstream of the start site

Question 24

Start site is at what base

Answer 24

Base +1

Question 25

What are some eukaryotic promoter regions

Answer 25

CAAT, GC, TATA, CAP

Question 26

Rna polymerase starts synthesising inehich direction

Answer 26

5’-3’

Question 27

Does rna polymerase profread

Answer 27

No

Question 28

Wha5 are enhancers and where are they located

Answer 28

They are on dna and they increase the activties of promoters and they are either proximal ( close) to the promoters or distal. (On snother chromose or same but distally)

Question 29

Whats prokaryotic transcription

Answer 29

Same process however sigma factors i stead of transcription factors and promoters and also rho factors mostly for ending by termination signals. Sigma usually leaves once initiation starts.

Question 30

Prokaryotic rna polymerase is inhibited by what

Answer 30

Rifampin

Question 31

Rna polymerase has subunit structure _____

Answer 31

a2BB

Question 32

Are orokaryotic transcripton happening campartmentalky

Answer 32

No

Question 33

Why does translation begin before transcription in prokaryotes

Answer 33

Because they have no intorns

Question 34

What is the SD region

Answer 34

There sre no post transcriptional modifs in proksryotes therefore they have 5 utr and 3 utr therefore sd is located in 5 utr. It has the ribosomal binding sute which is located upstream to the start codon. This helps inititiate the protein synthesis by aligning ribisomes. This haooens (translation) until a stop codon is reached. The ribosome translates the message in 5’-3’ therefore protein is built from amino group to the carboxyl end

Question 35

Monocytronic vs polycistronic

Answer 35

Eukaryotes are mono and prokaryotes are poly because many genes can be made due to SD.