Chapter 3: Rocks

Question 1

Kansas contains what type of rocks?

Answer 1

Limestone and shake

Question 2

What is a rock?

Answer 2

aggregates of one or more minerals that make of the Lithosphere

Question 3

What are rocks classified ‘mode of origin’ groups called?

Answer 3

1) Igneous
2) Sedimentary
3) Metamorphic

Question 4

Rocks are named based on their what?

Answer 4

Texture & Mineral content

Question 5

Igneous Rocks

Answer 5

Rocks which form as magma cools and crystallize into a solid state.
Works its way up through the earths layers to the
surface.

Question 6

Sedimentary Rocks

Answer 6

Can be formed on beaches or places with sand.
Weathering and erosion of rocks to the earth’s surface
(Deposition, Burial, & Lithification)

Question 7

Metamorphic Rocks

Answer 7

A change from one to another.
Rocks under high pressure & temperature in deep crust and upper mantle.
(Recrystallization into solid state of a mineral)

Question 8

Intrusive rocks

Answer 8

Igneous rocks that cool under the ground

platonic rocks

Question 9

Magma

Answer 9

molten rocks located beneath the ground surface

Question 10

Extrusive rocks

Answer 10

Igneous rocks that form at above ground surface

volcanic rocks

Question 11

Lava

Answer 11

molten rock on surface that has lost most of its gaseous component (water vapor)

Question 12

Crystallization

Answer 12

the formation and growth of a crystalline solid from a liquid or gas

Question 13

The crystal size and texture of a rock is determined by what?

Answer 13

The rate of cooling

Question 14

The slow cooling of a rock causes the crystals to be what size?

Answer 14

slow cooling = large crystals

Question 15

The fast cooling of a rock causes the crystals to be what size?

Answer 15

fast cooling = small crystals

Question 16

A very fast cooling rock causes what to happen?

Answer 16

The rock forms to be like glass.
No mineral crystals are present because they had no time to nucleate and grow.
(volcanic glass)

Question 17

The classification of an Igneous rock is based off what?

Answer 17

the rocks texture and mineral composition

Question 18

The four types of Igneous rock textures

Answer 18

1. Aphanitic (fine grained) - fast cooling rate
2. Paneritic (course-grained) - slow cooling rate
3. Porphyritic (two crystal sizes) - cools slowly, but
   brought away from heat can fasten up the process
4. Glassy (no visible crystals) - very fast rate of cooling

Question 19

Bowens reaction series

Answer 19

Shows the order of mineral crystallization in a cooling melt

Question 20

Mafic

Answer 20

dark minerals crystallize in high temperatures

Question 21

Felsic

Answer 21

light minerals that crystallize in cooler temperatures

Question 22

Magmatic differentiation

Answer 22

the process of generating more than 1 type of rock from a single magma

Question 23

Granitic Rocks

Answer 23

composed almost entirely of light -colored silicates along with a few dark silicates interspersed

Question 24

Granitic Rocks are referred to as what?

Give one example.

Answer 24

Felsic

EX: granite

Question 25

Basaltic Rocks

Answer 25

contain substantial dark- colored silicate minerals and calcium- rich plagioclase feldspar

Question 26

Basaltic Rocks are referred to as what? | Give one example.

Answer 26

Mafic | EX: basalt

Question 27

Other compositional groups of naming Igneous rocks

Answer 27

Andesitic and Ultramafic

Question 28

Sedimentary Rocks

Answer 28

formed from the weathering products of pre-existing rocks and sediment that have been transported, cemented, and lithified into NEW rocks.

Question 29

Sedimentary rocks can be used to look back on Earth's history. Why?

Answer 29

Provides clues on past environments. Rocks often contain fossils Provides information about sediment transport by water, wind, ice, ect

Question 30

Features of Sedimentary Rocks

Answer 30

they are composed of strata, or beds, bedding planes, and fossils

Question 31

The formation of sedimentary rocks

Answer 31

a) weathering b) transport (erosion) c) deposition d) lithification

Question 32

Sedimentary rocks: | weathering

Answer 32

the disintegration and decomposition of a rock near the surface (chemical or physical weathering)

Question 33

Sedimentary rocks: | Transport (erosion)

Answer 33

movement of sediment downslope (gravity, water, wind, and ice)

Question 34

Sedimentary rocks: | Deposition

Answer 34

sediment laid down in layers

Question 35

Sedimentary rocks: | Lithification

Answer 35

transportation of sed. to rocks. a) compaction b) cementation

Question 36

Two classifications for Sedimentary rocks

Answer 36

1. Detrital rocks | 2. Chemical rocks

Question 37

What are Detrital rocks? | Provide an example.

Answer 37

rocks composed of individual sediment grains that are lithified together.. EX: shale, sandstone, and breccia.

Question 38

What are chemical rocks? | Provide an example.

Answer 38

derived from material that was once in solution and precipitates to form sediment. EX: limestone, quartz, evaporites, and bituminous coal.

Question 39

What is an evaporite?

Answer 39

Rock salt

Question 40

Metamorphism

Answer 40

the alteration of rock from one form to another

Question 41

Low-grade metamorphism

Answer 41

only slightly changed, the original rock still distinguishable EX: shale to slate

Question 42

High-grade metamorphism

Answer 42

transformation so complete that the identity of the original rock cannot be easily determined. EX: shale to gnesis

Question 43

The three agents to metamorphic rocks

Answer 43

Heat Pressure chemically active fluids

Question 44

metamorphic agent: | Heat

Answer 44

MOST IMPORTANT AGENT. provides energy to drive chemical reactions that recrystallize minerals

Question 45

metamorphic agent: | Pressure

Answer 45

compact rocks and increase with depth can be associated with vertical or horizontal pressure

Question 46

metamorphic agent: | Chemically active fluids

Answer 46

groundwater acts as a catalyst for chemical reactions; minerals can be altered

Question 47

Metamorphism occurs most often when...

Answer 47

during mountain building called regional metamorphism