Chapter 3: Social Structure

Question 0

Socially defined position in a group or society

Answer 0

Status

Question 1

Network of interrelated statuses and roles that guide human interaction.

Answer 1

Social structure

Question 2

Behavior expected of someone occupying a particular status

Answer 2

Roles

Question 3

Assigned according to qualities beyond a persons control

Answer 3

Ascribed status

Question 4

Acquired through their own efforts

Answer 4

Achieved

Question 5

Plays greatest role in shaping a persons life and determining identity

Answer 5

Master status

Question 6

Bring statuses to life

Answer 6

Roles

Question 7

Corresponding roles that define the patterns of interaction between related statuses

Answer 7

Reciprocal roles

Question 8

Socially determined behaviors of a person performing a role (what they are expected to do in society)

Answer 8

Role expectations

Question 9

Actual role behavior

Answer 9

Role performance

Question 10

The different roles attached to a single status

Answer 10

Role set

Question 11

Fulfilling the role expectations of one status makes it difficult to fulfill the role expectations of another status

Answer 11

Role conflict

Question 12

A person has difficulty meeting the role expectations of a single status

Answer 12

Role strain

Question 13

Process people go through to detach from a role that has been central to their self identity

Answer 13

Role exit

Question 14

People go through certain common stages on their way to creating a new identity as an ex

Answer 14

Helen Rose Ebaugh

Question 15

Statuses and roles are organized into units that satisfy one or more basic needs of society

Answer 15

Social institution

Question 16

Take responsibility for raising the young and teaching them accepted norms and values

Answer 16

Family

Question 17

Organizes the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services

Answer 17

Economy

Question 18

System of norms that governs the exercise and distribution of power in society

Answer 18

Political institution

Question 19

Ensures the transmission

Answer 19

Education

Question 20

Provides a shared, collective explanation of the meaning of life

Answer 20

Religion

Question 21

When people interact in an effort to receive a reward or a return for their actions. ( holding the door open for someone)

Answer 21

Exchange

Question 22

The idea that if you do something for a person, that person owes you something in return. ( saying please and thank you)

Answer 22

Reciprocity

Question 23

People are motivated by self interest in their interactions with other people. (I gave you back the wallet only for the reward)

Answer 23

Exchange theory

Question 24

When two or more people/groups oppose each other to achieve a goal that only one can achieve. (Sports, businesses, schools)

Answer 24

Competition

Question 25

Deliberate attempt to control a person by force, to oppose someone, or to harm another person

Answer 25

Conflict

Question 26

Wars Disagreements within groups Legal disputes Clashes over ideology, such as religion and politics

Answer 26

Four sources of conflict

Question 27

A state of balance between cooperation and conflict (helps to ensure stability)

Answer 27

Accommodation

Question 28

Two or more people /groups work together to achieve a desired goal that will benefit more than one person

Answer 28

Cooperation

Question 29

Occurs when the two parties at odds each give up something to come to a mutual agreement

Answer 29

Compromise

Question 30

Temporarily brings a halt to the competition or conflict until a compromise can be reached

Answer 30

Truce

Question 31

Calling in a third party who acts as advisor and counselor to guide the two parties toward an agreement

Answer 31

Mediation

Question 32

A third party makes a decision that is binding on both parties

Answer 32

Arbitration

Question 33

Set of people who interact on the basis of shared expectations and who possess a common identity

Answer 33

Group

Question 34

Largest group studied

Answer 34

Society

Question 35

Ways societies use technology to provide for the needs of its members

Answer 35

Subsistence strategies

Question 36

Food production is main economic activity

Answer 36

Preindustrial society

Question 37

Daily collection of wild plants and hunting wild animals Move around constantly Rarely exceed 100 people Statuses are relatively equal

Answer 37

Hunter- gatherer society

Question 38

Rely on domesticated animals to meet food needs Can support larger populations Have excessive food supply

Answer 38

Pastoral society

Question 39

Fruits and vegetables grown in garden plots Slash and burn method popular for cleaning fields Rotate garden plots Build permanent or semi permanent villages

Answer 39

Horticultural society

Question 40

``` Animal labor utilized more with plows More crops produced Irrigation used Larger populations Specialized led to cities Usually a monarchy ```

Answer 40

Agricultural society

Question 41

Emphasis shifts to manufactured goods Production carried out by machines Supports larger populations because food production increased Urbanization occurs

Answer 41

Industrial society

Question 42

Focus is on information and services, not manufacturing Standard of living improves as wages go up Stronger emphasis on education and role of science

Answer 42

Postindustrial society

Question 43

Preindustrial societies People share same values and perform the same tasks United for common good

Answer 43

Mechanical solidarity

Question 44

More developed society Complex division of labor; impersonal social relationships Become dependent on others for survival

Answer 44

Organic solidarity

Question 45

Most people know each other; group solidarity Relationships are close Activities center on family and community

Answer 45

Gemeinschaft

Question 46

Social relationships based on need; impersonal and temporary Traditional values are weak Individual goals are more important than group goals

Answer 46

Gesellchaft

Question 47

Must consist of two or more people There must be interaction among members Member must have shared expectations Members must posses some sense of common identity

Answer 47

Groups 4 major features

Question 48

When people gather together in one place but lack organization or interaction

Answer 48

Aggregate

Question 49

Means of classifying people according to as shared trait or common status

Answer 49

Social categories

Question 50

The smallest group consisting of two people | Each member has direct control over the groups existence

Answer 50

Dyad

Question 51

Group of three people One person cannot disband the group Decisions are easier to make

Answer 51

Triad

Question 52

Interaction is not continuous | Varies according to group and need

Answer 52

Time

Question 53

Structure goals and activities of the group are clearly defined Examples: FFA meetings, church

Answer 53

Formal group

Question 54

No official structure or established rules of conduct | Examples: just hanging out, prom planning

Answer 54

Informal group

Question 55

Small group of people who interact over a relatively long period of time Examples: relationships are intimate often face to face, communication is deep and intense,structure is informal

Answer 55

Primary group

Question 56

Interaction is temporary and impersonal More casual with limited personal involvement Persons importance depends on function they play for the group (individual can be replaced) Organized around specific goals

Answer 56

Secondary group

Question 57

Any group that an individual identifies with Adopt their attitudes and values Examples: sports teams, junior senior

Answer 57

Reference groups

Question 58

Group that a person belongs to or identifies with Tend to separate themselves through the use of symbols View themselves positively and others negatively Often compete with out groups

Answer 58

In group

Question 59

Group that a person doesn't belong to or identify with

Answer 59

Out group

Question 60

People interacting via electronic means

Answer 60

Electronic community

Question 61

Web of relationships formed by all of a persons interactions with others Direct and in direct relationships Do not have clear boundaries Provide a support system

Answer 61

Social networks

Question 62

Task oriented (help the group reach goals)

Answer 62

Instrumental leaders

Question 63

Emotion oriented (find ways to keep the group together and maintain morale)

Answer 63

Expressive leaders

Question 64

Accordance with accepted rules or conventions

Answer 64

Conformity