Chapter 3- Sport And Society (Paper 1) Flashcards
(144 cards)
1
Q
What is a feudal system?
A
Broadly defined, it was a way of structuring society around a relationship derived from the holding of land in exchange for service or labour.
2
Q
What is popular recreation?
A
The sport and pastimes of people in pre-industrial Britain.
3
Q
What is foot racing?
A
A form of competitive running/walking in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries involving feats of endurance. As time progressed, it evolved into pedestrianism/race walking.
4
Q
Who is the patron?
A
A member of the gentry who looked after a lower-class performer, e.g by arranging competitions for them to participate in, putting up prize money and generally looking after the welfare of the performer.
5
Q
Who was Dr William Penny Brookes?
A
The founder of the Wenlock Olympian Games in 1850.
6
Q
What are the characteristics of foot racing?
A
- upper class put wages on their hired servants
- upper class acted as patrons
- simple activity
- festival occasion
- a way for a peasant to become rich
- rules established by organisers
- corruption
7
Q
Who is an amateur?
A
A person who plays sport for the love it and receives no financial gain.
8
Q
Who is a professional?
A
A person who plays sport for financial gane.
9
Q
What were the values of amateurism during the nineteenth century?
A
- Manliness
- Appreciating the value of health and fitness
- Appreciating the value of rule-regulated activity
- High moral integrity
10
Q
During the nineteenth century, what were the characteristics of a gentlemen amateur?
A
- Being a respected member of the society
- high status in sport reflected by a high status in society (public school background)
- Being the social elite, having wealth and plenty of free time for sport
- Sport viewed as character building
- training frowned upon (professionals)
- Playing a range of sports
- High moral code
11
Q
What were the positive impacts of amateurism in the nineteenth century?
A
- Amateurs held a higher status than professionals (sport dominated by the middle and upper class)
- Code of amateurism was based on plying sport to clearly set rules.
- Code of ethics - Playing sport to high set of moral values
- Belonging to the social elite (playing sport for fun rather than money)
- Participation in sport was seen as more important than winning.
- All rounders were viewed with high regard
- Amateurs were the elite performers of the nineteenth century.
- The new middle classes admired the values of the gentlemen amateurs.
12
Q
Compare the gentlemen amateurs to the working class professionals (left gentlemen and right lower class)
A
Upper/middle class -> Working class
Wealthy. -> Poor
Lots of free time -> Very little free time due to long working hours
No desire to train or improve -> Committed to train and perform as well as possible
High morality. -> low morality
13
Q
What were the positive impacts of nineteenth century professionalism on sport development?
A
- Poor people (lower class) could earn money by playing sport (started with walking and running races)
- Led to commercialisation and media coverage of sport in the late twentieth century.
14
Q
What were the key features of twentieth century amateurs?
A
- High status (both sport and society)
- Controllers of sport
- Top performers
- High moral
- did not need the money
- fair play/sportsmanship very important
15
Q
What are the key features of modern day amateurs?
A
- Tend to be of lower status
- Some high level performers are still not professionals
- There has been a blurring of amateur and professional distinctions
- Performance at the top level in most sports is open to all
- Some amateurs receive finance to pay for training expenses.
16
Q
What are the positives of modern day amateurism?
A
- Code of amateurism are still evident (fair play/sportsmanship)
- It is still viewed positively and promoted in a number of ways (based on principles of amateurism)
- Sports like Rugby Union maintained their amateurism ->calling the referee ‘sir’
17
Q
What are the reasons for increased modern day professionalism?
A
- All classes can compete - no longer a social barrier to participation
- People as professionals are now respected for their talents and efforts for reaching the top.
- High rewards for professionals through media and sponsorship
- Professionals have more time to train
- Celebrity status from media coverage
- Positive role models act as motivators for others to achieve in professional sport.
- Money invested in sport allows them to run commercially
- More spectators attend matches
18
Q
What was life in pre-industrial Britain like?
A
- Communication and transport was limited.
- There was widespread illiteracy: lower class were uneducated, with little ability to read or write.
- Cruel or violent existences were the norm for the lower classes (upper class lived in comfort and luxury)
- There was very limited free time as work was based on the land; free time was dictated by agricultural calendar/seasons; the lower class worked very long hours.
- Class divisions clearly existed; there was a two tier clearly divided society in existence based on the feudal system
- People lived in the countryside and rural areas.
19
Q
What were the characteristics of popular recreation during pre-industrial Britain?
A
- Long hours for the working class meant popular recreation activities were ocasional and depended on the agricultural calendar.
- Activities were local (countryside) due to limited transport available at the time.
- Activities used the natural resources available to them
- Rules were very basic as literacy was very low
- Activities were aggressive and male dominated, reflecting a harsh society (lots of damage to property and themselves)
- Wagers were placed by upper class
20
Q
What are the characteristics of mob football?
A
- Localised form of activity
- Rural in nature - In the countryside where most people lived
- Hardly any equipment (pigs bladder)
- Only played mob football occasionally because of long working hours
- Little rules and the majority of the people were illiterate (game was simple)
- Male dominated and violent
21
Q
Why did mob football and other popular recreation activities become banned in the nineteenth century?
A
- They were violent or unruly in nature
- The led to injury or death
- They led to damage of property
- They involved gambling/wagering
- They were linked to alcohol consumption/drunken behaviour
22
Q
What were the characteristics of Real Tennis?
A
- Played by upper class
- Rules were complex and the people who played it were literate as they could readily understand and apply them
- High moral code - lacked violence and played in a civilised manner.
- With plenty of leisure time the upper class were able to play real tennis on a regular basis.
- Expensive purpose built facilities using expensive specialist equipment
- It was non-local in nature - The upper class had the ability to travel
- Skilful game with difficult technical demands
23
Q
Who was an example of a successful foot racer?
A
Captain Robert Barclay Allardice who earned 1000 guineas by walking one miles every hour for 1000 hours in July 1809 at New Market.
24
Q
What is rational recreation?
A
In the nineteenth century, these were sports past times for the lower classes which were designed by the middle classes to be well ordered, organised and controlled.
25
What was the industrial revolution?
Deemed to have occurred during the mid-eighteenth century to the mid nineteenth centuries. This period marked a change in Britain from a feudal, rural society into an industrialised, machine-based, capitalist society, controlled by a powerful urban middle class.
26
What is industrial patronage?
Factory teams were set up by factory owners as a way of decreasing absenteeism and encouraging loyalty in the workforce.
27
Using two key words describe the change in the industrial and post-industrial development in sport
Sport moved from popular recreation to rational recreation.
28
What were the negative impacts of the industrial revolution in the early nineteenth century on sport?
- Migration of lower classes into urban areas (people began to work in the factories)
- Lack of leisure time - 12 hour work days (sabbath day - Sunday became day of rest)
- Lack of income
- Poor health - poor working and living conditions led to pollution, lack of hygiene and little energy to play sport.
- Loss of rights - Restrictions were placed on mob games and blood sports
- A lack of public provision - no access to private facilities or no personal equipment for the lower classes.
29
What were the positive impacts of the industrial revolution in the mid nineteenth century?
- Health and hygiene improved as a result of gradual improvements in living conditions and local council provisions of baths to improve cleanliness to stop the spread of disease (more energy and better health to play sport)
- Gradual increase in wages and more for sport due to the Factory Act (half day on Saturdays)
- Development of the middle class (industrial patronage)
- Influence of ex-public school boys via industry and church, etc
- Values of athleticism spread to the lower class
- Improvements in transport and communication (increased players and spectators)
- Travel became cheaper
30
What is urbanisation?
Large numbers of people migrating/moving from rural areas into towns and cities, seeking regular work in the factories.
31
What were the key features of urbanisation that contributed to the development of sport in this period?
- Lack of space: In cities, unlike the countryside space was at premium. This led to development of purpose built facilities
- Large working class populations: Lots of people needed entertainment which led to mass spectator numbers.
- Loss of traditional sports - Many traditional sports were banned leading to the development of new sports.
- Change in working class conditions - as free time and income increased, sport attendance increased.
32
What were the key impacts of the transport revolution on sport?
Movement of teams and spectators: The development of railways and steam trains enabled faster and further travel, leading to nationwide fixtures developing on a regular basis.
- Improved transport to different parts of the country: Nationwide train travel enabled sport to develop from local to regional to national.
- Cheaper train travel: Allowed all clases to travel
- Improved access to the countryside
33
How did improved communication increase the development of sport?
- As people became more literate, the increase in printed media (newspapers) increased the knowledge and awareness of sport in a number of ways.
- It led to the emergence of sporting heroes and role models
34
What was the influence of the church on sport?
- The church supported sport in the late nineteenth century because it encouraged social control diverting people away from activities such as drinking and gambling.
- Church provided venues and organised teams
- YMCA promoted the idea of healthy body=healthy mind
- Clergy viewed sport as a way to increase attendance
- Boys' Brigade, Scouts and YMCA were church groups involved with sporting activities.
35
What is codification?
The gradual organisation and defining rules
36
What is a philanthropist?
Kind, generous, middle-class individuals who had a social conscience and were keen to provide for a better life among the working class.
37
How did the middles class support the development of sport?
- Codification - Old boys played a key role in the development of NGBs.
- Competitions - The development of leagues and competitions
- Public provision - The development of public facilities via philanthropists
- Increased leisure time - Middle class factory owners increased the free time of the workers over the years
- Move to 'professionalism'
38
How did sport develop in Britain and across the British Empire?
- Teachers - Taught traditional sporting values
- Factory owners - Set up teams and gave workers time off
- Clergy - Developed church teams or became missionaries and took sport abroad
- Officers in the British army - Used sport with the armed services
- Diplomats - Took their sports with them
- Old boys set up NGBs
39
What is public provision?
Local council provision of facilities for the masses to participate.
40
How did National Governing Bodies (NGB) form?
- Sport was becoming increasingly popular with more widespread playing of sport
- More teams and clubs were formed
- More national and international fixtures were being organised
- Leagues and competitions were required for these teams to compete in.
- Exclusive for middle and upper class
- Maintenance of 'amateur ideal'
- Nationally agreed rules and codification for different sports were required; a single set of rules was required to make sure the competition was fair.
41
What is rationalisation?
Involves the post-industrial development of sport. It was characterised by a number of features including respectability, regularity, strict administration and codification.
42
What are the key features of rational recreation?
- Respectability - non violent/fair play
- Regionally/nationally/regularly played
- Codification - Strict rules set by NGBs
- Referees present to enforce the rules
- Purpose built facilities
- Skills based on tactics
43
What is lawn tennis?
Originally called 'Sphairistike' and played on an hourglass shaped court before its name and court shape were quickly replaced.
44
What is open era?
When professional tennis players were allowed to compete alongside amateurs and earn money.
45
What is media?
An organised means of communication by which large numbers of different people can be reached quickly.
46
What is the golden triangle?
The golden triangle refers to the relationship between sport, business and media.
47
What is commercialism?
The process of attempting to gain money from an activity e.g. sport.
48
What is a sponsorship?
When a company pays for their products to be publicly displayed or advertised, usually as an attempt to increase the sales of their goods.
49
What is merchandising?
The practice in which the brand or image from one 'product' is used to sell another, e.g professional sports teams/performers promote various products.
50
What is social media?
Online apps and websites which allow users to interact by sharing content and taking part in social networking.
51
What is a society?
An organised group of people associated for some specific purpose or with a shared common interest.
52
What is socialisation?
A lifelong process where members of a society learn its norms, values, ideas, practices and roles in order to take their place in that society.
53
What is internalisation?
The learning of values or attitudes that are incorporated within yourself.
54
What is gender socialisation?
The act of learning to conform culturally defined gender roles through socialisation.
55
What is social control?
A concept that refers to the way in which people's thoughts, feelings, appearance and behaviour are regulated in social systems.
56
What is an institution?
An established organisation founded for a religious, educational, professional or social purpose.
57
What is social change?
An alteration in the social order of a society.
58
What are social issues?
Problems that affect many people within a society.
59
What is inequality?
The unfair situation where resources or opportunities are distributed unevenly within a society.
60
What is social stratification?
A type of social inequality where society is divided into different levels on the basis of a social characteristic, such as wealth or status.
61
What is a social class?
A term used to define social inequalities, i.e certain groups have more access to wealth, income and power than others. Factors which contribute to social class include a person's job, family background, education and background.
62
What is the social action theory?
A way of viewing socialisation, emphasising social action.
63
What is progression?
The process of gradually developing towards a more advanced state.
64
What is the interactionist approach?
The study of how individuals behave within a society.
65
What are equal opportunities?
The right to access the same opportunities, regardless of factors such as race, age, sex, mental or physical capability.
66
What are prejudices?
To form an unfavourable opinion of an individual, often based on inadequate facts (e.g lack of tolerance, dislike of people from a specific race, religion or culture which can negatively affect a coaches treatment of a performer from an ethnic minority group).
67
What is discrimination?
The unfair treatment of a person or, minority group; to make a distinction and act on prejudices.
68
What is stereotyping?
A standardised image; making simple generalisations about all members of a group which allows others to categorise and treat them accordingly (e.g negative stereotypes about women which negatively impact on their participation in sport/physical activity).
69
What were the Wenlock Olympian game?
In 1850, the Wenlock agricultural Reading society (WARS) resolved to form a class called the Olympian Class which was set up to promote moral, physical and intellectual improvements, especially in the lower class people of Wenlock. Participation in outdoor recreation challenges was an important means of promoting such improvement, with prizes offered for successful participants to encourage taking part. In the first Wenlock Olympic games (1850) there was a mixture of athletics and traditional country sports.
70
What happened in November 1860 regarding WARS?
Following a dispute, the Wenlock Olympian Class separated from WARS and changed its name to the Wenlock Olympian Society.
71
Who was De Coubertin?
He was inspired by Dr Brooke's and went on to establish the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and reform the modern olympic games in Athens
72
What were the reasons for the rationalisation and modern-day development of Association Football?
-Urbanisation - Large numbers of people living in one place gave a large captive audience for football. Lack of space led to purpose built facilities.
-More free time - with less time working, they had more time to watch and play sport.
-More disposable income - improved standards of living via higher wages gave the 'working class' enough money to pay entrance fees and to pay for transport.
-Improved transport - development of trains allowed fans to go to away matches
-Increased professionalism - Opportunity to play football professionally increased.
- Social class links - Middle class influence and improbable gave association football more 'respectability' with its emphasis on high morality and sporting etiquette.
-
73
What factors influenced rational recreation?
- Improved transport
- Emergence of middle class
- Industrial patronage due to lack of space
- More literate
- Increased free time
- Improved class structure
74
What caused the emergence of elite female footballers in modern day sport?
- Equal opportunities - sex discrimination act led to less sexual discrimination in sport.
- Increased media coverage in women's sport
- More female role models in football
- More provisions via school PE programmes
- Increased approval /encouragement via the FA
- Increased participation via more funding into the game
- More free time - traditional domestic responsibility role has decreased
75
What were the key features of lawn tennis?
- Middle class invention - set the middle class apart from the working class
- Use of specialist equipment - net, balls, racquets
- Use of standardised rules - rule book
- Played by males and females
- Public provision - eventually spread to the working class
76
What are the characteristics of commercial sport?
- Professional sport - high quality with high skill levels.
- Sponsorship and business
- Entertainment - Mass entertainment industry
- Contracts - sales and merchandise + bidding for tv rights
- Athletes as commodities - product endorsement -> role models
- Wide media coverage - high profile sports
77
What are the effects of commercialisation on professional performers?
- Recieve high incomes through sponsorship deals
- Are paid for successful results ->makes winning important
- Can put athletes under to perform when injured
- Must specialise in a sport in order to compete
- Entertainers
- Controlled by sponsor which can lead to lack of privacy
78
What are the effects of commercialisation on sport?
- Rules and scoring systems have changed to prevent boredom.
- Breaks are provided in play so that sponsors can advertise their products and services (tv).
- Competition formats have changed (Twenty 20 cricket)
- Sports played by women receive less coverage
- Increased use of technology through the media has led to a more personal experience for the viewer.
79
What are the reasons why companies invest large amounts of money into sport?
- Increased sales/commercial benefits/increased profits/ increased publicity.
- Increased brand awareness/adds value to brand
- Creates an association with excellence at the highest levels of sport
- Creates an association with the healthy image of sport
- Gives an opportunity to link corporate hospitality
- Sponsorship can decrease the amount of tax paid by companies
- Improve company moral/employees feel linked to the success of sport.
80
How is globalisation represented in sport?
- The sponsorship of events
- The way players are recruited to play for teams in countries other than their own.
- The spreading of different sports to 'new nations'
- Increased pressure on athletes to perform to their best; this may lead some to use illegal substances to maintain high performance levels and the accompanying rewards that success brings in a number of high sport profiles.
81
What is the impact of social media on sport?
- More and more fans prefer getting their sport news form twitter and Facebook rather than Tv.
- Top performers are all involved social media in a big way and have created lots of excitement via there social media connections. Ronaldo uses social media to improve connections with his fans while at the same time promoting his personal brand.
82
What are the two main concepts of sociology?
1) Examining interactions and interdependence, i.e the way people group within society and therefore interact with other throughout their everyday lives.
2) Examining how human behaviour becomes controlled, e.g. Via family members, friends, school.
83
What is the sociology of sport?
It is an applied sub-discipline of sociology which considers the relationship between sport and society. It also considers social processes occurring within sport (e.g. Socialisation) and considers how inequalities in sport can be overcome for groups in society such as women, individuals with a disability and ethnic minority groups.
84
What are the two main parts of socialisation?
- Primary
| - Secondary
85
What is primary socialisation?
This refers to the socialisation during the early years childhood which takes place mainly within the immediate family (i.e. Mother, father, brothers, sisters).
86
What is the key process involved at the primary stage of socialisation?
Internalisation of a society's culture where individuals absorb and accept its shared norms and values.
87
What is secondary socialisation?
This occurs during the later years (e.g. teenagers and adults) when the family is less involved and 'agencies' are deliberately set up for the socialisation process and begin to exert more and more influence (e.g. peer groups, friends, schools)
88
How do institutions benefit society?
These institutions work together for the benefit of society, undertaking a variety of 'social processes' to ensure the socialisation into society, maintaining order and social control.
89
What are the social processes?
Social control and social change
90
Give an example of social control which was especially present in the past.
Historically, our society has been male dominated, with restrictions placed on women engaging in sport.
91
When does social change occur?
Social change occurs when institutions re-adjust to meet 'new needs' of groups in society such as women.
92
Give examples of how social change has been achieved?
- Social changes offered by leisure providers such as local councils via more crèche facilities to minimise/lessen the negative effects of traditional childcare responsibilities and/or feelings of guilt at leaving young children while mothers participate in sporting activities.
- 'This Girl Can" campaign has been launched by Sport England as a high profile scheme to try to bring about social changes in the way women's participation in sport and physical activity is viewed.
- 'Cricket for Change' is a UK charity impacting the lives of disadvantaged children. The aim of this scheme via its programmes such as 'Street Chance' is to increase aspirations, promote mutual respect and enhance relations within a wider community by providing free structured community cricket.
93
What are different social inequality categories?
- ethnic or racial
- gender
- income or wealth
94
What are the possible causes of inequality?
- Lack of money/costs of participation
- Lack of confidence/self-esteem
- Lack of role models to aspire to as participants/coaches/leaders of sports organisations in positions of responsibility
- myths or stereotypes in some sections of society about the capabilities of women, ethnic minorities and disabled people.
95
How do social structures have an impact on an individual and their overall life chances?
When linked to participation in sport, the type of school you go to can affect the activities you get to try out, as well as the amount of time devoted to sport, and the quality of teaching/coaching received to develop your talent, and the quality of facilities you train in.
96
In social stratification where is the group that have the best opportunities?
The top of the system
97
How does wealth impact the sporting opportunities for children?
Children from low-income families tend to have poorer health than other children. Such poor levels of health may undermine their physical abilities and/or skill levels. Children from low-income families also have less money to spend on sports equipment, additional specialist coaching.
98
How can schools impact the sporting opportunities for children?
Schools themselves may magnify the social class differences (e.g public schools and state schools situated in more affluent areas often have better sport facilities than schools located in working class areas).
99
How does your social class impact which sport clubs children can join?
- Involvement in extra-curriculum activities may be negatively affected by working-class expectations on children to carry out domestic responsibilities.
- Economic inequalities are also likely to impact membership of sports clubs, increasing the likelihood of more middle- and upper-class children joining clubs compared to working-class children.
100
How does social action theory accept sports are produced and developed?
Social action theory accepts that sport is produced and developed at a particular time through the relationships and social networks of people who share similar views.
101
What is the sports involvement and progression determined by?
The relationships between people based on the different amounts of power they have in society.
102
What does social action theory believe and stress?
The fact that people can intervene in social processes and change them.
103
What does the interactionism theory believe?
It believes that interactionism works from the individual towards society and stresses the fact that it is people who actually creat society.
104
For interactionists how are social institutions seen?
They are seen as the product of the interactions of various people.
105
The interactionist theory is helpful in understanding how to?
- Change sports to match the perspectives and identities of those playing them.
- Make sport organisations more democratic and less hierarchically organised (e.g. via giving all the members equal voting rights when making decisions related to the running of their sports club).
106
What are the two types of discrimination?
- Overt
| - Covert
107
What is overt discrimination?
Visible/obvious (e.g verbal racist abuse of a player)
108
What is covert discrimination?
Hidden/less obvious (e.g non-selection of an individual as captain because of their race)
109
What are the benefits of raising participation to an individual?
- Improves health and fitness by helping people achieve a healthy body weight, reduce their blood pressure, lower their feelings of stress, anxiety and depression.
- Social benefits as people meet new people and make friends as well as getting a higher level of self confidence.
- Participation in sport is a positive use of free time.
- Economically, regular participation can help individuals perform better at work due to their improved mental and physical ability. As well as being ill less.
- Increased spending on healthy pursuits.
110
What are the benefits of raising participation to society?
- Less strain on the NHS; lower obesity levels
- Increased community integration; improved community morale
- Lower crime statistics
- Workplace/employer benefits as less time as less time off work/ higher productivity rates.
- More money is put into the economy via increased 'leisure-spend'
111
What are the barriers that prevent people from doing sport and what are the solutions?
- Lack of time - add physical activity to daily routine
- Negative social influences; poor PE experiences - invite family and friends to exercise with you; join a group where physical activity plays an important part.
- Lack of motivation - invite a friend to exercise with you on a regular basis; join an exercise class.
- Lack of skill - Select activities requiring few or no skills e.g. walking/jogging.
- Lack of resources/ costs of participation - Select activities which require few facilities/limited equipment, e.g walking/jogging.
- Family obligations/domestic responsibilities - Exercise with the children, go for a walk or swim; play tag.
112
What are infographics?
A graphic visual representation of information, data or knowledge intended to present information quickly and clearly.
113
What is a disability?
A term used when impairment adversely affects performance.
114
What is integration?
Able-bodied and disabled people taking part in the same activity at the same time (e.g. London marathon)
115
What is segregation?
People with disabilities participating separately among themselves, e.g. Paralympics
116
What are the common barriers which prevent disabled people from participating in sport?
- Negative self-image or lack of confidence
- Relatively low income levels; costs of participation such as membership fees and transport costs.
- Lack of access into and around facilities
- Lack of organised programmes
- Low levels of media coverage/few role models to aspire to.
- Lack of specialist coaches/specialist clubs/ competitions to access;lack of adapted/accessible equipment.
- Myths stereotypes about the capabilities of people with a disability;lower societal expectations; safety concerns.
117
What are solutions for increasing participation within the disabled?
- Providing more opportunities for success; helping talented athletes reach the highest levels possible.
- Increased investment in disabled sports - subsidise to make it more affordable.
- Providing transport facilities; improved access into/around facilities e.g. via local authority sport and leisure departments using specialist architects when planning facilities so that they meet the needs of disabled people.
- Improved technology, e.g. prosthetics/wheelchairs.
- Increased media coverage and promoting role models to relate and aspire to.
- Training of more specialist coaches; setting up more clubs for people with disabilities to access.
- Educating people on the myths/stereotypes about the capabilities of the disabled and challenging inappropriate attitudes.
- Designing activities specifically for individuals with disabilities, e.g. goalball, boccia for the visually impaired, or modifying existing activities to enable involvement in them e.g. wheelchair tennis and basketball.
- Specialist organisations such as English Federation for Disability Sport (EFDS) and Sport England working to support and co-ordinate the development of sporting opportunities for people with disabilities.
118
Define race.
The physical characteristics of an individual.
119
Define racism?
A set of beliefs or ideas based on the assumption that races have distinct hereditary characteristics that give some races an intrinsic superiority over others; it may lead to physical or verbal abuse.
120
What is an ethnic group?
People who racial, religious or linguistic traits in common.
121
What is stacking?
The disproportionate concentration of of ethnic minorities in certain positions in a sports team, which tends to be based on the stereotype that they are more valuable for their physicality than their decision making and communication qualities.
122
What is channelling?
Ethnic minorities may be pushed into certain sports and even certain positions within a team, based on assumptions about them.
123
What are the possible causes of under representation of ethnic groups in sport/physical activity?
- Conflict with religious/cultural observances
- A higher value placed in education as opposed to sporting participation; discouragement via family and friends.
- Fear of racism/racist abuse, prejudice, discrimination
- Fewer role models to aspire to, particularly in coaching/managerial positions.
- Fear of rejection/low self esteem
- Stereotyping/attempts at channelling ethnic minorities into certain sports and away from others.
- Language barriers may exist for some ethnic minority groups.
124
What are the possible solutions to racial disadvantage in sport/physical activity?
- Training more ethnic minority coaches, teachers and sports leaders and educating them on the effects of stereotyping.
- Ensuring there is a single-sex provision, e.g. for Muslim women to overcome any cultural barriers which might negatively impact on participation.
- Publicising and punishing severely any racist abuse (e.g as the FA have done when the Liverpool player Suarez racially abused his Manchester United counter part, Evra).
- Ensuring provision in PE programmes is appropriate for all ethnic preferences, e.g. Ensuring kit rules and showering procedures are reflective of cultural norms.
- Organising campaigns against racism in sport.
- Kick it Out is football's equality and inclusion organisation which is working through the football, educational and community sectors to challenge discrimination and campaign for change.
125
What is the Rooney rule?
Requires National Football teams in the USA to interview minority candidates for head coaching and senior football operation jobs.
126
What is gender?
The biological aspect of a person, male or female.
127
What is sexism?
The belief that one sex is inferior to the other, usually women.
128
Why do less women participate in regular activity or sport? What are the barriers preventing participation?
- Stereotypical myths are still evident in society.
- Less media coverage for women's sport.
- Fewer positive role models in sport for other women to aspire to such as performers, coaches and officials.
- Fewer sponsorship opportunities/opportunities to become full time sports performers.
- Negative impacts of school PE programmes, e.g rules on showering/kit, lack of appealing opportunities.
- Lack of fitness, low levels of self-confidence, body image issues.
- Lack of leisure time due to work, traditional childcare and/or domestic responsibilities.
- Lack of disposable income.
- Channeling women into certain 'female appropriate' sports.
- Fewer leagues/competitions/clubs available for women to participate in.
129
What are the possible solutions to gender inequality in sport?
- Introduce/enforce laws which make sex discrimination unlawful in many spheres of life.
- Encourage greater social acceptance of women having jobs/ careers with more disposable income giving increased financial independence.
- Encourage shared domestic/childcare responsibilities, creating more leisure time for women to devote to sport; improved childcare provision has also helped to try to overcome the 'time barrier'.
- Increased media coverage of women's sport; give women's international sport the recognition it deserves; provide more positive role models to aspire to.
- Increased sponsorship attracted to women's sport.
- Providing education to refute/reject the stereotypical myths; improved PE provision.
- Providing more opportunities for women to join sport clubs/participate in the activities they enjoy.
- By making changing rooms and sports facilities as clean and attractive as possible.
- In modern-day society, the use of social networking methods to link women playing sport can be used to create friendships with like-minded individuals and hopefully increase motivation/interest to continue with it.
- Vis the work of organisations such as Sport England, as well as specialist organisations such as Women in Sport.
130
What are women's favourite physical activities?
- Swimming
- Athletics
- Gym
131
What sport is becoming increasingly popular with women?
Football
132
Why is football becoming popular with women?
- Increased opportunities in society in general.
- Increased media coverage of women's football.
- More opportunities for girls to play football in school PE programmes.
- More football clubs to join in the area they live.
- the rejection of stereotypes affecting female participation in contact activities such as football.
- A general increase in leisure time and disposable income available to women.
- More opportunities to play the game professionally in England.
133
What are the health benefits of doing physical exercise?
- Decrease risk of heart disease or stroke.
- Avoidance of high/low blood pressure.
- Decreased risk of type 2 diabetes.
- Maintaining a healthy weight/decreased risk of obesity.
- Strengthening of bones and muscles/decreased risk of osteoporosis and back pain.
- Improved mental health and stress management; decreased risk of conditions such as anxiety/depression.
- Decreased risk of some cancers (e.g. colon cancer and breast cancer)
134
What are the fitness benefits of physical exercise?
- Improved posture
- Improved body shape/ body tone as a result of weight loss; improved body composition.
- Improved cardiovascular fitness
- Improved muscular strength/muscular endurance
- Improved flexibility
- Improved agility/balance/co-ordination
- Improved speed/power
- Improved reaction time.
135
What are the social benefits of physical exercise?
- Raised levels of chemicals such as serotonin and endorphins have a calming effect and help a person to feel happier/better about themselves. When individuals feel better them are more likely to benefit emotionally and socially as well.
- Improved sleep patterns, which can enhance a person's mood and their relationships.
- The boost in a person's mood can also help improve skills of concentration, which allow a clearer focus on social relationships.
- As an individual's social and emotional health improves, confidence is likely to increase, and involvement in sport/exercise classes becomes higher.
- Sport/physical activity introduces us to new people who share a common interest and helps develop new friendships and relationships.
136
What are county sport partnerships (CSPs)?
National networks of local agencies working together to increase numbers in sport and physical activity.
137
What were Sport England's projects?
- Help more people have a sporting habit for life.
- Create more opportunities for young people to play sport.
- Nurture and develop talent.
- Provide the right facilities in the right places.
- Support local authorities and unlock local funding
- Ensure real opportunities for communities.
138
What are Sport Englands National Partners? Explain each.
- English Federation of Disability Sport - A national charity dedicated to increasing participation in sport and physical activity among disabled people.
- Sporting Equals - an organisation which exists to actively promote greater involvement by disadvantaged communities and particularly in the black and minority ethnic (BME) population.
- Women in Sport - it aims to make being more active more attractive to women and teenage girls by trying to break down the barriers which exist and are putting women off.
- StreetGames - a national charity dedicated to developing sport with disadvantaged communities, making it accessible to all, regardless of social circumstances.
139
What is doorstep sport?
Providing access to sports in local communities where people live.
140
What is Get Equipped?
Is a funding scheme aimed at providing disabled performers with specialist equipment required to engage in sporting activity.
141
What are the initiatives to encourage women into sport?
- Making women's sport a major priority financially across the board in the 46 core sport NGBs in which they are investing millions of pounds.
- 'I Will If You Will' - a year long pioneering behavioural change pilot in the local authority of Bury to help understand how to get more women playing sport. If it is successful it will help inform Sport England and local authorities how to get women into sport.
- 'Women in Sport' to help sports bodies attract more women and teenage girls to do sports more regularly.
- 20 Active Women projects across different local authorities to encourage women with young children to be more physically active and tackle the gender gap in sport. Projects include: -Breeze - get women into riding bikes. -Back to Netball - get women into Netball.
- Us Girls - Worked in 50 disadvantaged areas to get girls into sport.
-'This Girl Can' - media publicity to help overcome barriers to increase participation in sports among women and girls.
142
What are whole sport plans?
A business plan/document submitted to Sport England outlining each national governing body's strategies to grow participation and enhance talent over the four-year period the Whole Sport Plan is in operation.
143
Example of a Whole Sport Plan for rowing.
- Rowability: rebranding of 'Adaptive Rowing' to develop partnerships with disability organisations and establish five new recognised delivery centres.
- Generating the Habit: providing a framework to support the local delivery of rowing to young people, adults and volunteers across a variety of environments.
- Indoor Rowing (young people): aiming to deliver participation at the local level through school games competition formats to ensure that young people have a positive first experience of indoor rowing and educate pupils and teachers about indoor rowing.
144
What is the Bosman ruling?
A European Court of Justice decision made on the 15 of December 1995 concerning freedom of movement for workers. An important decision as it allowed the free movement of labour in the European Union. It effectively allowed footballers within the EU to move at the end of their transfer contract to another club without a transfer fee being paid.
