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Chapter 3 - Terrestrial Management Flashcards

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1
Q

What does animal activity encompass? How SHOULD they be considered?

A

Motor, cognitive, and social activity. Animals’ natural behavior and activity profile SHOULD be considered during evaluation of suitable housing or behavioral assessment.

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2
Q

Describe forced actitivy.

A

SHOULD be avoided for reasons other than attempts to meet therapeutic or approved protocol objectives.

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3
Q

High levels of repetitive, unvarying behavior may represent what?

A

Disruption of normal behavioral control mechanisms due to housing conditions or management practices.

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4
Q

Which species benefit from positive human interaction?

A

Dogs, cats, rabbits, and other species.

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5
Q

Dogs can be given what additional opportunities for activity? What additional spaces for large farm animals?

A

Walked on a leash, having access to a run, or being moved into areas for social contact, play, or exploration. Loafing areas, exercise lots, and pastures.

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6
Q

What is essential to normal development and well-being?

A

Appropriate social interactions among members of the same species.

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7
Q

What SHOULD be considered when selecting a suitable social environment? An understanding of what is key to successful social housing?

A

Whether animals are naturally territorial or communal and whether they SHOULD be housed singly, in pairs, or in groups. Understanding of species-typical natural social behavior key.

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8
Q

How to reduce the risk of social incompatibility?

A

Animals raised together from a young age, group composition remains stable, and design of enclosure and environmental enrichment facilitates the avoidance of social conflicts.

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9
Q

Social stability SHOULD be carefully monitored. When may incompatible individuals need to be separated?

A

In cases of severe or prolonged aggression.

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10
Q

For some species, developing a stable social hierarchy will entail antagonistic interactions, particularly for animals introduced at what age? What SHOULD occur during and thereafter this introductory period?

A

Adults. Animals should be monitored closely during this introductory period and thereafter to ensure compatibility.

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11
Q

Describe single housing of social species. What SHOULD occur in these situations, and what SHOULD be provided?

A

SHOULD be the exception and justified based on experimental requirements or veterinary-related concerns about animal well-being. Should be limited to minimum period necessary and visual, auditory, olfactory, and tactile contact with compatible conspecifics should be provided.

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12
Q

In the absence of other animals, what SHOULD be provided?

A

Enrichment such as positive interaction with the animal care staff and additional enrichment items or addition of a companion animal in the room or housing area.

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13
Q

How often SHOULD the need for single housing be reviewed? By who?

A

On a regular basis by the IACUC and vet.

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14
Q

What SHOULD be encouraged to assist animals to better cope with a captive environment by reducing stress associated with novel procedures or people? In most cases, what type of training is employed?

A

Habituating animals to routine husbandry or experimental procedures. Operant conditioning.

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15
Q

What type of diet SHOULD animals be fed? How often?

A

Palatable, uncontaminated diets that meet their nutritional and behavioral needs at least daily, or according to their particular requirements, unless their protocol states otherwise.

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16
Q

Define natural-ingredient diets

A

Formulated with agricultural products and byproducts and commercially available for all species commonly used in the laboratory. Nutrient composition of ingredients varies, and may contain low levels of naturally occurring or artificial contaminants (pesticide residues, heavy metals, toxins, carcinogens, and phytoestrogens).

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17
Q

Define certified diets

A

Have been assayed for contaminants and are commercially available for select studies, such as preclinical toxicology conducted in compliance with FDA FLP standards.

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18
Q

Define purified diets

A

Refined such that each ingredient contains a single nutrient or nutrient class. Less nutrient concentration variability and the potential for chemical contamination is lower.

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19
Q

Define chemically defined diets.

A

Contain the most elemental ingredients available, such as individual amino acids and specific sugars.

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20
Q

What are disadvantages of purified and chemically defined diets?

A

Cost, lower palatability, and reduced shelf life.

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21
Q

Animal colony managers SHOULD be judicious when doing what with food? In order to minimize what?

A

When purchasing, transporting, storing, and handling food to minimize the introduction of disease, parasites, potential disease vectors, and chemical contaminants.

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22
Q

What SHOULD investigators urge feed vendors to provide? How often?

A

Periodically provide data from laboratory-based feed analyses for critical nutrients.

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23
Q

What SHOULD users know about the feed? Why is stale food or food transported and store inappropriately problematic?

A

Date of manufacture and other factors that affect the food’s shelf life. Can become deficient in nutrients.

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24
Q

What SHOULD occur on receipt of food? What SHOULD careful attention be paid to?

A

Bags of feed examined to ensure they are intact and unstained to ensure that their contents have not been exposed to vermin, penetrated by liquids, or contaminated. Careful attention to quantities received and stock should be rotated so oldest food is used first.

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25
How SHOULD diets be stored?
Areas where diets are processed or stored should be kept clean and enclosed to prevent entry of pests. Food should be stored off the floor in a manner that facilitates sanitation. Opened bags should be stored in vermin-proof containers to minimize contamination and spread of pathogens.
26
What factors hasten food deterioration? (4)
Elevated storage room temperatures, extremes in relative humidity, unsanitary conditions, and insects/other vermin
27
What temperature and humidity should natural-ingredient diets be stored at?
Less than 21C (70 F) and 50% relative humidity.
28
Most natural-ingredient, dry lab animal diets stored properly can be used for up to how long? Nonstablized vitamin C in manufactured feeds typically has a shelf life of how long? Generally, how long should food be stored?
6 months after manufacture. Only 3 months. Food storage time should be reduced to the lowest practical period.
29
How does storage of purified and chemically-defined diets differ?
Often less stable than natural-ingredient diets. Shelf life usually less than 6 months. Stored at 4C (39F) or lower
30
Irradiated and fortified autoclavable diets and commonly used for what animals?
Axenic, microbiologically defined, and immunodeficient animals.
31
How can autoclaving impact pelleted feed? Generally, how should irradiated and autoclaved diets be treated?
Affect hardness and thus palatability. Can also lead to chemical alterations of ingredients. Date of sterilization should be recorded and the diet used quickly.
32
How SHOULD feeders be designed and placed? What is unique when group housing?
Allow easy access to food and minimize contamination with urine and feces. Should be enough space and feeding points to minimize competition for food and ensure access to food for all animals.
33
How SHOULD food storage containers be handled?
Should not be transferred between areas that pose different risks of contamination without appropriate treatment. Should be cleaned and sanitized regularly.
34
Under standard housing conditions, changes in biologic needs commensurate with what SHOULD be taken into consideration?
Aging
35
What type of diet SHOULD be provided? What SHOULD be avoided when it comes to provision of a diet? Why? In what species especially?
Nutritionally complete. Abrupt changes should be minimized as they lead to digestive and metabolic disturbances. Herbivores especially sensitive.
36
What water SHOULD animals have access to?
Potable, uncontaminated drinking water.
37
What monitoring may be necessary for water quality?
pH, hardness, and microbial or chemical contamination.
38
Why SHOULD the selection of water treatments be carefully considered?
Potential to cause physiologic alterations, reduction in water consumption, change in microflora, or effects of experimental results.
39
How often SHOULD watering devices be checked to ensure appropriate maintenance, cleanliness, and operation?
Frequently
40
Animals may have to be trained on automated watering devices. How often SHOULD they be observed until regular usage has been established?
Regularly
41
Is it better to replace water bottles or fill them? Why? If bottles are refilled, care should be taken for what?
Replace, due to potential for microbiologic cross contamination. Care must be taken to return each bottle to the cage from which it was removed.
42
How often should automated watering distribution systems be flushed or disinfected?
Regularly
43
Animals housed outdoors may have access to water in addition to that provided in watering devices. What care should be taken? What should occur in cold weather?
Ensure such accessory sources of water do not constitute a hazard, but their availability need not be routinely prevented. In cold weather, care should be taken to prevent freezing of outside water sources.
44
What are uses of bedding? (4)
Absorb moisture, minimize growth of microorganisms, dilute and limit contact with excreta, and reduce accumulation of intracage ammonia
45
Who is responsible for selecting bedding?
Veterinarian or facility manager in consultation with investigator
46
Bedding that enables burrowing is encouraged for what species?
Mice and hamsters
47
What immune factors can bedding influence?
Mucosal immunity and endocytosis
48
Why is the use of untreated softwood contraindicated for some studies? Why are cedar shavings not recommended? What management practice can impact this, and how?
Can affect metabolism. Cedar shavings emit aromatic hydrocarbons that induce hepatic microsomal enzymes and cytotoxicity, induce cancer. Prior treatment with high heat may reduce concentration of volatile organic compounds, but remaining amounts may be sufficient to affect specific protocols.
49
Why SHOULD the purchase of bedding products take into consideration the vendors' manufacturing, monitoring, and storage methods?
Risk of contamination with toxins and other substances, bacteria, fungi, and vermin.
50
How SHOULD bedding be transported and stored?
Off the floor on pallets, racks, or cars in a fashion consistent with maintenance of quality and avoidance or contamination. Bags stored sufficiently far from wall to facilitate cleaning.
51
Why SHOULD appropriate drying time and storage conditions for bedding be used?
During autoclaving, can absorb moisture and lose absorbency and support growth of microorganisms. Can alternatively use gamma-irradiated materials if sterile bedding indicated.
52
How much bedding SHOULD be used?
Sufficient to keep animals dry between cage changes, but kept from coming into contact with supper tubes as this could cause leakage of water into cage.
53
Define sanitation. What does this include?
Sanitation - Maintenance of environmental conditions conducive to health and well-being. Involves bedding changes, cleaning, and disinfection
54
Define cleaning and disinfection.
Cleaning - Removes excessive amounts of excrement, dirt, and debris. Disinfection - Reduces or eliminates unacceptable concentrations of microorganisms.
55
What is the goal of the sanitation program?
Maintain sufficiently clean and dry bedding, adequate air quality, and clean cage surfaces and accessories
56
How often and what intensity of cleaning and disinfection should be provided?
What is necessary to provide a healthy environment for an animal.
57
SHOULD agents that mask animal odors be used in animal housing facilities? Why?
No. Cannot substitute for good sanitation practices or provision of adequate ventilation, expose animals to volatile compounds that might alter basic physiologic and metabolic processes.
58
How often SHOULD bedding be changed?
As often as necessary to keep animals clean and dry and keep pollutants at concentration below levels irritating to mucous membranes. No absolute minimal frequency, matter of professional judgement and consultation between investigator and animal care personnel. Typically daily to weekly.
59
When are frequent bedding changes contraindicated?
Pre- or postpartum period, research objectives will be affected, species in which scent marking is critical and successful reproduction is pheromone dependent
60
In general, how often should enclosures and accessories, such as tops, be sanitized? How often do solid-bottom caging, bottles, and sipper tubes usually require sanitation?
At least once every 2 weeks. At least once a week.
61
How can primary enclosures be disinfected?
Chemicals, hot water, or combination both
62
Washing times and conditions and post-washing processing procedures SHOULD be sufficient for what?
To reduce levels or eliminate vegetative forms of opportunistic and pathogenic bacteria, adventitious viruses, and other organisms presumed to be controllable by the sanitation program.
63
What factors account for cumulative heat factor? Effective disinfection can be achieved with wash and rinse water at what temperature? What is the traditional temperature requirement, and what water does this refer to?
Temperature of water and length of time. 143-180 F. Traditional is 82.2 C (180 F) rinse water temp requirement refers to water in the tank or sprayer manifold
64
What SHOULD occur if detergents and chemical disinfectants are used? In which species may their use be contraindicated?
Should be thoroughly rinsed from surfaces before reuse of equipment. May be contraindicated in aquatic species, as residue may be highly deleterious
65
What type of system is recommended for cleaning quantities of caging and movable equipment?
Mechanical washers
66
Is hand sanitation acceptable? What does it require?
Hand wash with hot water and detergents/disinfectants can be effective but requires considerable attention to detail. Ensure surfaces are rinsed free of chemical residues and personnel have appropriate equipment to protect from exposure to hot water or chemical agents.
67
Why would chemical agents be used to wash small pieces of equipment? What is an alternate method?
Destroy microorganisms. Ultrasound.
68
What SHOULD be in place in automated watering systems are used? What are examples? Routine sanitation SHOULD also account for sanitation of what?
Mechanism to ensure microorganisms and debris do not build up in watering devices. May be periodic flushing with large volumes of water, appropriate chemical agents followed by thorough rinsing, constant recirculation loops using filters, ultraviolet light, or other devices to disinfect recirculated water. Routine sanitation of automatic water delivery during primary enclosure cleaning.
69
When might cages need to be sterilized? (3) What should be regularly evaluated and monitored to evaluate their safety and effectivness?
SPF or immunocompromised housing, experimental biologic hazards destroyed before cleaning. Sterilizers should be regularly evaluated.
70
For pens or runs, what sanitation method is usually appropriate? If this method is used to remove animal waste, how often should this be done? What should occur during the prcoess?
Frequent flushing with water and periodic use of detergents or disinfectants. At least once daily if animal waste is removed. Animals should be kept dry during process.
71
How often should all components of the animal facility be cleaned and disinfected? What are effective methods for room contamination? Particularly following what occurances?
Regularly, as appropriate to the circumstances and at a frequency based on the use of the area and nature of likely contamination. Vaporized hydrogen peroxide or chlorine dioxide, especially following the completion of studies with highly infectious agents or contamination with adventitious microbial agents.
72
What SHOULD cleaning implements be made of? How SHOULD they be assigned and transported? What SHOULD occur with worn items? How SHOULD they be stored?
Materials that resist corrosion and withstand regular sanitation. Should be assigned to specific areas and not transported to areas with different risks of contamination without prior disinfection. Worn items replaced regularly. Implements stored in neat, organized fashion to facilitate drying and minimize contamination or harborage of vermin.
73
What SHOULD the monitoring of sanitation practices fit? What might this include? What SHOULD not be used as the sole method of assessing the effectiveness of a sanitation program?
The process and materials being cleaned. Visual inspection and microbiologic and water temperature monitoring. Intensity of animal odors, particularly ammonia, should not be used as sole means of addressing effectiveness of sanitation program.
74
How SHOULD the decision to alter the frequency of cage bedding changes of cage washing be made
Ammonia concentration, bedding condition, appearance of cage and animals, and number and size of animals housed in the cage
75
How often SHOULD the mechanical washer be evaluated? What pieces SHOULD be examined? What is recommended if sanitation is temperature dependent?
Regularly, include exam of mechanical components and spray headers to ensure functioning. Use of temperature sensitive devices.
76
Regardless of sanitation method, what is recommended regarding evaluation? How can this be evaluated?
Regular evaluation of sanitation effectiveness. Microbiologic culture, use of organic material detection systems, or confirming removal of artificial soil applied before washing.
77
What are options for waste disposal? An advantage of one over the other? What must on-site waste disposal comply with?
Contracts with licensed commercial waste disposal firms and on-site incineration provides assurance of regulatory compliance and safety. On-site incineration must comply with federal, state, and local regulations.
78
How many labeled waste receptacles SHOULD be in the facility? Where SHOULD they be located?
Adequate numbers strategically placed throughout the facility.
79
How SHOULD waste containers be designed? What is good practice?
Leak-proof with tight-fitting lids. Good practice to use disposable liners and wash containers and implements regularly.
80
Where should be waste be stored? What SHOULD this area be kept free of? If cold storage is used to hold material before disposal, what SHOULD be used?
Dedicated area. Free of vermin and insects. Properly labeled, dedicated fridge, freezer, or cold room that is regularly sanitized.
81
How MUST hazardous waste be treated? How should radioactive wastes be stored and disposed of? What must this be in accord with? Who's responsibility is it to comply with regulations concerning hazardous-agent use and disposal?
MUST be rendered safe by sterilization, containment, or other appropriate means before removal from the facility. Should be kept in a properly labeled containers and their disposal closely coordinated with radiation safety specialists in accord with federal and state regulations. The institution
82
How can infectious animal carcasses be disposed of? Procedures for on-site packing, labeling, transport, and storage should be integrated into what policies?
Incinerated on site, collected by a licensed contactor, or use of chemical digesters. OHSP
83
What hazardous wastes require properly labeled containers? How should they be disposed of? Can these wastes be consolidated or blended? How should sharps and glass be disposed of?
Toxic, carcinogenic, flammable, corrosive, reactive, or otherwise unstable. As recommended by OHSP. In some situations can be consolidated or blended. Sharps and glass disposed to in a manner that will prevent injury to waste handlers.
84
What does the ideal pest control do? What consideration should be given regarding outdoor facilities?
Prevent entry of vermin and eliminate their harborage. Eliminating or minimizing the potential risk associated with pests and predators.
85
When should pesticides be used in animal areas? Who should be consulted? Whenever possible, what method of pest control should be used? If live traps are used, what must occur?
Only when necessary due to toxic effects on research animals and interference with experimental procedures. Consult with investigators whose animals may be exposed. Nontoxic means and nontoxic substances. Live traps require frequent observation and humane euthanasia after capture.
86
How often SHOULD animals be cared for? When MUST vet care be available?
Should be cared for by qualified personnel every day, including weekends and holidays, to safeguard well-being and satisfy research requirements. Emergency vet care MUST be available after work hours, on weekends, and on holidays.
87
In the event of an emergency, who should institutional security personnel and fire or police officers be able to reach? Who should a disaster plan cover? Who should be a member of the appropriate safety committee at the institution, an official responder in the institution, and a participant in the response to a disaster?
People responsible for animals. Personnel and animals. Veterinarian or colony manager.
88
What should cage cards include? What genotype info should be available?
Source, strain or stock, name and contact info, pertinent dates, and protocol number. Genotype info should be available and use consistent, unambiguous abbreviations.
89
What are appropriate identification methods? When is toe-clipping acceptable? When should anesthesia or analgesia used?
Collars, bands, plates, tabs, colored stains, ear notches/punches, tags, tattoos, subcutaneous responders, and freeze bands. Toe-clipping only when no other individual identification method is feasible, may be preferred for neonatal mice up to 7 days as it has few adverse effects at this age, especially if toe clipping and genotyping can be combined. Commensurate with age of animals.
90
Records are essential for management of colonies of what animals? What are these records valuable for?
Large, long-lived animals. Genetic management and historical assessment of colonies.
91
Individual medical records are valuable especially for what species? What should they include? Who should have access to basic demographic information and clinical histories?
Dogs, cats, NHPs, and agricultural animals. Pertinent clinical and diagnostic information, date of inoculations, history of surgical procedures and postoperative care, information on experimental use, and necropsy findings. Investigators, veterinary staff, and animal care staff.
92
Founding populations of outbred animals should be large enough to ensure what? How can genetic variability within an outbred stock be monitored?
Long-term genetic heterogeneity of breeding colonies. Computer stimulations, biochemical markers, DNA markers and sequencing, immunologic markers, or quantitative genetic analyses of physiologic variables.
93
Management of inbred strains should be designed to minimize genetic contamination resulting from what?
Mutation and mismating.
94
Cryopreservation of what tissues can be used as a safeguard against alterations in transgenes over time or accidental loss of GMA lines?
Fertilized embryos, ova, ovaries, or spermatozoa
95
Generation of animals with multiple genetic alterations from crossing different GMA lines can lead to what undesirable offspring? How should newly generated genotypes be monitored?
Genotypes not of interest to investigator and unexpected phenotypes. Carefully, and new phenotypes that negatively affect well-being should be reported to the IACUC and managed in a manner to ensure the animals' health and well-being.
96
What organization provides online guidelines for accurate recording or rodent genetic background?
International Committee on Standardized Genetic Nomenclature for Mice and the Rat Genome and Nomenclature Committee

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