Chapter 3 - Test 1

Question 1

Bacillus?

Answer 1

A cell that is cylindrical, rod shaped (can be blocky, round ended, spindle shaped, club shaped, drum stick shaped, short and fat, long and skinny, blunt or pointy)

Question 2

Coccobacillus?

Answer 2

A cell that’s cylindrical, but also short and plump

Question 3

Phenotype?

Answer 3

The traits created by the expression of the genotype (not all phenotype are turned on)

Question 4

Peptidoglycan?

Answer 4

A unique macromolecule that provides bacteria with their relatively rigid quality.

Question 5

Spirochete?

Answer 5

Corkscrew/spiral shaped bacteria. (Characteristic of the organism Treponema - which causes syphilis)

Question 6

Genotype?

Answer 6

The sum of all of these types of genes constitutes an organism distinctive genetic makeup

Question 7

Serotype?

Answer 7

Representatives of a species that stimulate a distinct pattern of antibody responses in their hosts, because of distinct surface molecules.

Question 8

Endospore?

Answer 8

Dormant body formed within some bacteria that allows for their survival in adverse conditions

Question 9

Vibrio?

Answer 9

Single occurring rods that are gently curved. Ex: vibrio cholerae

Question 10

Tetrads?

Answer 10

Cells in groups of 4 - division in 2 perpendicular lines

Question 11

Strain or type?

Answer 11

A set of descendants cloned from a common ancestor that retains the original characteristics. Any deviation from original is a different strain.

Question 12

Coccus?

Answer 12

A cell that is ball shaped (circles, kinda squishy guys, all sorts of variation between a circle and oval) ex: deinococcus

Question 13

Pleomorphic?

Answer 13

When a single cell type varies in some extent in shape and size. Ex: corynebacterium diphtheriae

Question 14

Capsule?

Answer 14

A tightly fitted layer external to the cell wall

Question 15

Glycocalyx?

Answer 15

A coating layer of molecules external to the cell wall. It serves protective, adhesive, and receptor functions. It may fit tightly (capsule) or be very loose and diffuse (slime layer)

Question 16

What type of ribosomes do bacteria have?
What type of ribosomes do eukaryotes have?
What type of ribosomes do we have in our mitochondria?

Answer 16

70S
80S
70S

Question 17

What does it mean to say that bacteria are ubiquitous?

Answer 17

That they are found everywhere.

Question 18

What is the biological and medical significance of flagella?

Answer 18

Flagella can detect and move in response to chemical signals. They move towards a positive stimuli and repel from harmful chemicals.

Question 19

Plasmids?

Answer 19

Double stranded DNA circle containing extra genes

Question 20

Which clinically important bacteria produce endospores? KNOW THIS!!

Answer 20

Gram positive / Clostridium difficile (C diff.)

Question 21

Why are bacteria endospores so difficult to destroy?

Answer 21

They are capable of withstanding extremes in heat, drying, freezing, radiation, and chemicals that would readily kill vegetative cells.

Question 22

What are some health implications of endospores being so difficult to destroy?

Answer 22

They are harder to treat, and they can sneak by regular cleaning methods such as boiling water, soaps, and disinfectants.

Question 23

Name at least three ways that bacteria are grouped below the species level.

Answer 23

1. Do not exhibit a typical mode of sexual reproduction. 2. Can accept genetic information from unrelated forms, and they can alter their genetic makeup by a variety of mechanisms. 3. Members of a bacterial species should also share at least 70-80% of their genes.

Question 24

What is the structure of the bacterial ribosome and how is this different from ours?

Answer 24

-It comes from (mostly) a single circular strand of DNA. -Has no nuclear membrane enclosure, it takes place in the nucleoid.

Question 25

Pili?

Answer 25

Long, tubular structures made of pilin protein produced by gram negative bacteria and used for conjugation.

Question 26

Fimbria?

Answer 26

A short, numerous-surface appendage on some bacteria that provides adhesion but not locomotion(moving from place to place).

Question 27

What happens to a cell that has its Peptidoglycan removed or interfered with by antibiotics?

Answer 27

The cell would rupture or be disintegrated.

Question 28

Compare the composition and role of the bacterial chromosome and plasmids.

Answer 28

???? Working on it

Question 29

A. What are the functions of cell membrane in bacteria? B. How is this different than where respiration and ATP occur in our cells? C. What is the origin of mitochondria?

Answer 29

A. Regulate transport, site of functions such as: 1. Energy reactions. 2. Nutrient processing. 3. Synthesis B. The take place in our mitochondria C. Bacteria have no mitochondria

Question 30

Why does the genetic structure of bacteria make them such great subjects for genetic engineering?

Answer 30

Because they can readily be manipulated in the laboratory and transferred from one bacterial cell to another.

Question 31

What medically important bacteria lack a cell wall? What keeps their cell membrane rigid?

Answer 31

Mycoplasma pneumoniae. It is stabilized by sterols.

Question 32

What functions does the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) layer serve?

Answer 32

The polysaccharide chains extend off surface as signaling molecules and receptors. The lipid portion is an endotoxins and stimulates fever and shock reactions.

Question 33

What function does peptidoglycan serve?

Answer 33

It provides a strong structure framework for cell.

Question 34

What is the gram stain?

Answer 34

??

Question 35

How does the gram stain relate to the biological structure of the cell wall and membrane?

Answer 35

????

Question 36

Compare the cell envelope of gram+ and gram- bacteria.

Answer 36

Gram (+) has 2 layers in cell envelope, with thicker Peptidoglycan. Gram (-) has 3 layers in cell envelope, with thinner Peptidoglycan and outer membrane layer.