Chapter 3: The brain biology and behavior Flashcards
(107 cards)
1
Q
Neuron
A
An individual nerve cell
2
Q
Bio psychology
A
The study of how biological processes, especially activity in the brain and nervous system, relate to behavior
3
Q
Dendrites
A
Neuron fibers that receive incoming messages
4
Q
Soma
A
The main body of a neuron or other cell
5
Q
Axon
A
Fiber that carries information away from the cell body of a neuron
6
Q
Axon terminals
A
Branching fibers at the end of axons
7
Q
Ion
A
An Electrically charged molecule
8
Q
Resting potential
A
The electrical charge of a neuron at rest
9
Q
Threshold
A
The point at which a nerve impulse is triggered
10
Q
Action potential
A
The nerve impulse
11
Q
Ion channels
A
Channels through the axon membrane
12
Q
All or nothing event
A
An event that happens completely or not at all
13
Q
Synapse
A
The microscopic space between two neurons, over which messages pass
14
Q
Neuro transmitter
A
Any chemical released by a neuron that alters activity and other neurons
15
Q
Receptor sites
A
Areas on the surface of neurons and other cells that are sensitive to neurotransmitters or hormones
16
Q
Acetylcholine
A
The neurotransmitter released by neurons to activate muscles
17
Q
Enkephalins
A
Opiate like brain chemicals that regulate reactions to pain and stress
18
Q
Curare
A
A drug that competes with acetylcholine, causing paralysis
19
Q
Neuropeptides
A
Brain chemicals that regulate the activity of neurons
20
Q
Endorphins
A
Chemicals that are similar in structure and pain killing effect to opiate drugs such as morphine
21
Q
Nerve
A
A bundle of neuron fibers
22
Q
Myelin
A
A fatty layer coating some axons
23
Q
Neurilemma
A
A layer of cells that encases many axons
24
Q
Central nervous system(CNS)
A
The brain and the spinal cord
25
Peripheral nervous system(PNS)
All parts of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord
26
Somatic system
The system of nerves linking the spinal cord with body and sense organs.
27
Autonomic system
The system of nerves carrying information to and from the internal organs and glands
28
Sympathetic branch
A branch of the ANS that arouses the body
29
Parasympathetic branch
A branch of the ANS that quiet the body
30
White matter
Areas that appear white because of the presence of Myelin
31
Spinal nerves
Major nerves that carry sensory and motor messages in and out of the spinal cord
32
Cranial nerves
Major nerves that leave the brain without passing through the spinal cord
33
Reflex arc
The simplest behavior in which is stimulus provokes an automatic response
34
Sensory neuron
A nerve cell that carries information from the senses toward the CNS
35
Connector neuron
A nerve cell that serves as a link between two others
36
Motor neuron
A nerve cell that carries motor commands from the CNS to muscles and glands
37
Effector cells
Cells and muscles and glands that are capable of producing some type of response
38
Clinical study
An intensive investigation of the behavior of a single person, especially one suffering from some injury, disease, or disorder.
39
ablation
Surgical removal of tissue
40
Electrode
Any device (such as a wire, middle, or metal plate) used to electrically stimulate nerve tissue or to record its activity
41
Deep lesioning
Removal of tissue within the brain by use of an electrode
42
Electrical stimulation of the brain
Direct electrical stimulation and activation of brain tissue
43
Electroencephalography
Technique used to measure waves of electrical activity produced by the brain
44
Electroencephalograph (EEG)
A device that the text, amplifies, and records electrical activity in the brain
45
Complicated tomographic (ct) scanning
A computer enhanced x-ray image of the brain or body
46
Magnetic resonance imaging
A computer -enhanced three dimensional representation of the brain or body, based on the bodies response to a magnetic field
47
Functional MRI
Magnetic resonance imaging that records brain activity
48
PET scan
Positron emission tomography; A computer generated image of brain activity, based on glucose composition in the brain
49
Cerebrum
The two large hemisphere is a cover the upper part of the brain
50
Cerebral cortex
The outer layer of the cerebrum
51
Gray matter
Areas in the nervous system made up mostly of nerve cell bodies
52
Corticalization
An increase in the relative size of the cerebral cortex
53
Cerebral hemispheres
The right and left halves of the cerebrum
54
Corpus callosum
The bundle of fibers connecting the cerebral hemispheres
55
Spatial neglect
Ignoring one side of vision or of the body after damage to a brain hemisphere
56
Split brain operation
Cutting the corpus callosum
57
Lobes of the cerebral cortex
Areas on the cortex bordered by major fissures are defined by their functions
58
Occipital lobes
Portion of the cerebral cortex revision registers in the brain
59
Tumor
A mass of abnormal cells
60
Parietal lobes
Area of the brain or bodily sensations register
61
Somatosensory area
A receiving area for bodily sensations
62
Temporal lobes
Areas that include the sites where hearing registers in the brain
63
Frontal lobes
Brain area associated with movement, sense of smell, and higher mental functions
64
Motor cortex
A brain area associated with control movement
65
Association cortex
All areas of the cerebral cortex that are not primarily sensory or motor in function
66
Aphasia
A speech disturbance resulting from brain damage
67
Broca's area
A language area related to grammar and pronunciation
68
Wernickis area
An area related to language comprehension
69
Agnosia
An inability to grasp the meaning of stimuli, such as words, objects, or pictures
70
Facial agnosia
The inability to recognize familiar faces
71
Sub cortex
All brain structures below the cerebral cortex
72
Brainstem
The lowest portion of the brain, including the cerebellum, medulla, pons, and reticular formation
73
Medulla
The structure that connects the brain with the spinal cord and controls vital life functions
74
Pons
An area on the brain stem to ask is a bridge between the medulla and other structures
75
Cerebellum
A brain structure that controls posture and coordination
76
Reticular formation
Netwerk within the medulla and brainstem; associated with attention, alertness, and some reflexes.
77
Particular activating system (RAS)
A part of the reticular formation that activates the cerebral cortex
78
Thalamus
A brain structure that relays sensory information to the cerebral cortex
79
Hypothalamus
A small area of the brain the graduate emotional behaviors and motives
80
Limbic system
A system in the forebrain that is closely linked with emotional response
81
Amygdala
A part of the limbic system associated with fear responses
82
Hippocampus
A part of the limbic system associated with storing memories
83
Endocrine system
GLands whose secretions pass directly into the bloodstream or lymph system
84
Hormone
Are you glandular secretion that affects bodily functions or behavior
85
Growth hormone
A hormone, secreted by the pituitary gland, that promotes bodily growth
86
Giantism
Excessive bodily growth caused by too much growth hormone
87
Acromegaly
Enlargement of the arms, hands, feet and face caused by excess growth hormone production late in the human growth period 
88
Hypopituitary dwarfism
Shortness on smallness caused by two little growth hormone
89
Pituitary gland
The master gland whose hormones influence other endocrine glands
90
Penal gland
Gland in the brain that helps regulate body rhythms and sleep cycles
91
Melatonin
Hormone released by the penal gland in response to daily cycles of light and dark
92
Thyroid gland
Endocrine gland that helps regulate the rate of Metabolism
93
Metabolism
The rate at which energy is produced and used by the body
94
Hyper thyroidism
Faster metabolism and excitability caused by an overactive thyroid gland
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Hypothyroidism
Slower metabolism and sluggishness Caused by an underactive thyroid gland
96
Epinephrine
An adrenal hormone that tends to arouse the body; epinephrine is associated with fear
(also known as adrenaline)
97
Norepinephrine
An adrenal hormone that tends to arouse the body; norepinephrine is associated with anger
(also known as noradrenaline)
98
Adrenal glands
Endocrine glands that aroused body, regulate salt balance, adjust the body to stress, and affect sexual functioning
99
Adrenal medulla
The inner core of the adrenal glands; a source of Epinephrine and norepinephrine
100
Adrenal cortex
The outer layer of the adrenal glands; produces hormones that affect salt intake, reactions to stress, and sexual development
101
Virilism
The development of male sexual characteristics and a female
102
Premature puberty
The development of sexual maturity in children
103
Handedness
A preference for the right or left hand and most activities
104
Dominant hemisphere
A term usually applied to the side of a persons brain that produces language
105
lateralization
Differences between the two side of the body, especially differences in the abilities of the brain hemispheres
106
Plasticity
The brain capacity to change its structure and functions
107
Neurogenesis
The production of new brain cells
