Chapter 3- The Cell Flashcards
What are the 3 essential parts of a cell
Nucleus
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
intracellular fluid
Within the cell and cytosol to hold organelles in place
Extracellular Fluid
Includes interstitial fluid, blood plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid
Interstitial fluid
Fluid in tissues that bathes all of our cells and has endless major roles to play. Includes amino acids sugars fatty acids regulatory substances and wastes
Plasma Membrane
Selectively permeable
Passive transport- no energy is required (simple, facilitated, osmosis) molecules move down their concentration gradient
Facilitated diffusion- carrier molecules ( glucose, amino acids, ions) help move large or non- lipid soluble or polar molecules across
Active transport- requires ATP
Lipid soluble and no polar substances can pass through
Ver small molecules can pass through (O CO2 steroid hormones fatty acids)
Speed of Diffusion influenced by 3 factors
Concentration
Molecular Size
Temperature
Active Transport
Requires transport proteins that combine specifically and reversely with the transported substances movie solutes against a concentration gradient through use of energy (ATP)
Endocytosis
Begins with a coated pit- an in folding of the membrane. Coated pits have a protein coating on the cytoplasmic face that deforms the membrane to produce the vesicle.
Bring in bulk solids most macromolecules and fluids into the cell
Exocytosis
Vesicular transport that eject substances from cell interior to the extracellular fluid
Simple diffusion
Net movement of molecules down their concentration gradient from higher concentration to lower concentration
Hypertonic
Cells lose water by osmosis and shrink any hypertonic solution contains a higher concentration of non-penetrating solutes than are present inside the cell
Isotonic solution
Cells retain their normal size and shape in isotonic solution same solute/water concentration as inside cells water moves in and out
Hypotonic solution‘s
Cells take on water by osmosis until you become bloated and burst (lyse) in a hypertonic solution contains a lower concentration of non-penetrating solutes that are present inside cells
Active Transport
Requires transport proteins that combine specifically and reversibly with the transport substance requiring energy (ATP)
Passive transport
Movement from high to low concentration down or movement down or along a concentration gradient
Simple diffusion facilitated diffusion osmosis
3 main components of the cell membrane
Lipids (phospholipids, cholesterol)
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Hydrophobic
Water fearing molecules
Hydrophilic
Water loving molecules
Amphipathic molecules
are chemical compounds that have both polar and nonpolar regions, giving them both hydrophilic (water-loving) and lipophilic (fat-loving) properties.
Phospholipid in cell membrane
Phospholipid Bi-layer
Phospholipid polar heads face outward and phospholipid non polar tails face in ward. Create this bilayer of phospholipids to have a spherical structure, reseal themselves if torn, rarely flip flop pr move one half of the bilayer to the other half
Mitochondria
They are the power plant of a cell, providing most of the ATP supply. The density of mitochondria in a particular cell reflects that cells energy requirements, and mitochondria generally clusters where the action is. Busy cells like kidney and liver cells have hundreds of mitochondria whereas relatively inactive cells have just a few
Ribosomes
Composed of proteins in ribosomal RNA are having to go globular subunits that are sites of protein synthesis
Endoplasmic reticulum
Rough ER: extra surface stopped with ribosomes. It’s ribosomes manufacture all proteins to create from selves. For this reason the rough ER is particularly abundant and well developed in most secretory cells, antibody- producing immune cells and liver cells which produce most blood proteins.
It also is the cells membrane factory where integral proteins and phospholipids that form part of all cellular membranes are manufactured
Soft ER: it’s enzymes metabolize lipids synthesize cholesterol and phospholipids and synthesize lipid components of Lipo proteins
Synthesize steroid based hormones such as sex hormones
Breakdown stored glycogen to form free glucose (liver cells especially)
Store calcium ions in most cell types( skeletal and cardiac muscles)
Golgi apparatus
The principal traffic director for cellular proteins. It’s major function is to modify concentrate and package the proteins and lipids made at the rough ER in Destin for export from the cell
Lysosomes
Spiracle membranous organelles containing activated hydrolytic enzymes. Abundant in phagocytes the cells that dispose of invading bacteria and cell debris. Work best in acidic condition
