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Chemistry 1100 > Chapter 3 - The Chemistry of Global Climate Change > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - The Chemistry of Global Climate Change Flashcards

(46 cards)

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1
Q

What do greenhouse gases do?

A

absorb radiation/trap heat

ex. CO2, H2O, CH4

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2
Q

CO2

A

on the rise more now than 150 years ago (due to Industrial Revolution), earth’s temp has risen

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3
Q

What is the Greenhouse Effect?

A

process where gases trap heat –> heat stays and warms the planet

  • essential for life, planet would freeze otherwise (but too much = bad “enhanced greenhouse effect”)
  • energy return of over 80% –> increases earths temp
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4
Q

What is the history of our earth’s atmosphere in relation to climate?

A

early atmosphere: 1000x more CO2

bacteria used CO2 to make sugars

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5
Q

How do we know that the earth’s temp has increased?

A
  • core samples from ocean, bacteria remaining tells temp
  • magnetic alignment of earth
  • “heavy water” composition of ice
  • trapped bubbles tells concentration of ice when bubbles formed
  • all data seems to agree
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6
Q

Global Warming:

  1. Theory
  2. What’s possible…
  3. Fact
A

Theory: global warming is cased by an increase of CO2 and CH4 levels
Possible: increases in CO2 and CH4 levels are a result of warming, not a cause
Fact: CO2 and CH4 trap heat and contribute to global warming
–> cause or effect?

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7
Q

Recent evidence of global warming

A
  • atmospheric CO2 is increasing
  • global temps are increasing
  • -> biggest boom from Industrial Revolution
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8
Q

Other factors to global warming

A
  • orbital changes: temp maxima, major/minor ice ages
  • Airborne dust: volcanic activity
  • Cloud cover: weather patterns
  • Greenhouse gases
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9
Q

What is the outlook for the future?

A 
In the past 100 years:
-CO2 conc. has increased 25%
-avg temp increased .5-.7 degrees C
Current:
-doubling the CO2 conc. --> 1.8-6.3 degree F increase
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10
Q

What are examples of greenhouse gases? what are not examples? Why the difference?

A

Examples: CO2, CH4, N2O, O3, H2O, CFCs
Not examples: O2, N2, Ar
Difference due to shape!

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11
Q

Bonds are made of ______

A

electrons

neg charge, repel each other

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12
Q

Molecular Shape: Tetrahedral

A

bonded atoms: 4

lone pairs: 0

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13
Q

Molecular Shape: Bent

A

bonded atoms: 2

lone pairs: 2 or 0

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14
Q

Molecular Shape: Trigonal Pyrimidal

A

bonded atoms: 3

lone pairs: 1

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15
Q

Molecular Shape: Trigonal Planar

A

bonded atoms: 3

lone pairs: 0

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16
Q

Molecular Shape: Linear

A

bonded atoms: 2

lone pairs: 0

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17
Q

Shape of a molecule determines ______

A

HOW a molecule can vibrate

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18
Q

Types of light

A

UVB/UVC –> bonds break

IR –> can’t break bonds (not enough energy), can cause vibration

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19
Q

How do you determine which wavelength?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • can’t look at a molecule and determine wavelength

- bond strength and flexibility, atom masses

20
Q

What is symmetric stretching?

21
Q

What is asymmetric stretching?

22
Q

What are bending modes?

Study These Flashcards
A

up/down OR diagonal

*need at least three atoms to bend (O2 can’t bend)

23
Q

Where does CO2 come from?

Study These Flashcards
A

natural sources: respiration/photosynthesis

manmade sources: deforestation/burning fossil fuels

24
Q

Why are O2 and N2 not greenhouse gases?

Study These Flashcards
A

they don’t absorb IR radiation

can’t vibrate = can’t trap heat

25
What is the fossil fuel contribution to atmospheric CO2?
6-7 billion tons of carbon released | --> 1/2 goes into the atmosphere
26
Increasing CO2 levels
Since 1860: -concentration: 290-385ppm -increases 1.5 ppm/year excess CO2 = global warming = big concern
27
How much does an atom weigh?
depends on the atom
28
What is the standard for atomic weight?
one Carbon-12 = 12 amu | atomic mass = 12.01 (weighted average atomic mass for carbon --> no carbon atoms actually equal 12.01 amu)
29
What does the 12 mean in Carbon-12?
mass #, total protons = neutrons
30
Weighing Carbon
can't weigh individual atoms define in grams, not amu --> 12g C contains 6.022 x 10^23 carbon atoms
31
Conversions
grams----(use molar mass)-----> moles ----(use Avagadro's #)-----> atoms/molecules
32
How many atoms are in .551g of K?
8.49 x 10^21 atoms K
33
What is molecular mass (or molar mass)?
the sum of the atomic masses (in amu) in a molecule | -->mass of one mole of "anything" in grams
34
What is the molecular mass of SO2? Molar mass?
64. 07amu | 64. 07g
35
How many moles of C3H8O are in 72.5g?
1.2 moles
36
1. one mole of CO2 = ________ | 2. has molar mass of.....?
1. 6.022 x 10^23 molecules CO2 | 2. 12.01 + 16 + 16 = 44.01 g
37
What is a chemical reaction telling?
substances --> new substances
38
What is a chemical equation telling?
reactants --> products
39
How do you read this equation? 2Mg + O2 --> 2MgO
1. two atoms Mg + one molecule O2 makes 2 MgO units 2. two moles Mg + one mole O2 makes two moles MgO 3. 48.6g Mg + 32g O2 makes 80.6g MgO NOT: 2g Mg + 1g O2 makes 2g MgO
40
How to solve stoichiometry problems
1. Balance chemical equation 2. Convert to grams of known substances into moles 3. Use coefficients - calculate # of moles unknown 4. Convert moles to grams
41
What is the Global Warming Potential (GWP)?
relative contribution of a molecule of an atmospheric gas to global warming
42
Loss of Polar Ice Cap
- year round sea ice in arctic is decreasing 9% per decade - ocean warms/ice melts --> more solar energy absorb by water creating pos feedbacks --> more ice melting - impacts water salinity, changes marine habitats, and widens shipping lanes (adds pollution)
43
What is one way to reduce the severity of the greenhouse effect?
CO2 sequestration - take CO2 out of atmosphere and compress it
44
Ozone Hole vs. Global Warming
Ozone Hole: O3, UV light, Montreal Agreement (US did sign) Global Warming: CO2/CH4, IR radiation, Kyoto Protocol (US did not sign --> it charged each nation for CO2 emissions and US couldn't scale back enough to not be fined)
45
What is the enhanced greenhouse effect?
When atmospheric gases trap and return over 80% of the heat energy radiated by the earth
46
What is global warming?
Increase in average global temps as a result of the enhanced greenhouse effect

Chemistry 1100 (11 decks)

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