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West Civ II Exam #1 > Chapter 3 - The Enlightenment > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - The Enlightenment Flashcards

1
Q

List The Leading Scientists of the 1500-1700s.

A

1) Copernicus
2) Brahe
3) Vesalius
4) Bacon
5) Kepler
6) Galileo
7) Descartes
8) Newton
9) Harvey

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2
Q

What made the Scientific Revolution revolutionary?

A

The epistemology of the scientific breakthroughs.

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3
Q

What is the label given to the new epistemology in the Scientific Revolution?

A

The Scientific Method

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4
Q

What was the Scientific Method used for?

A

Pursuing Truth in the natural world.

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5
Q

What was the basis for new conclusions about the natural world?

A

Only physical, observable, and empirical evidence.

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6
Q

How was truth obtained before the scientific revolution?

A

Through the laws of deduction.

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7
Q

What was the focus of the Scientific Revolution’s efforts?

A

Only the natural world, not theological concepts.

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8
Q

What did early scientists believe about science and God?

A

That a God was real and that science could not study God. Science was not a worldview.

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9
Q

What was the Enlightenment?

A

An intellectual and religious movement that took place during the 1600s and 1700s. It elevated science to a cosmology.

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10
Q

What was the primary way of talking about and understanding life during the Enlightenment?

A

Science and It’s Methodology

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11
Q

What does the Enlightenment worldview presuppose about the world?

A

That all of reality is a vast mechanistic entity. All of the movements of the universe can be understood through unchanging natural laws.

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12
Q

What Enlightenment thinker said, “The world is my fatherland, Science is my religion.”?

A

Christiaan Huygens

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13
Q

What did Enlightenment men call themselves?

A

Philosophes

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14
Q

What did the Philosophes think about the modern world?

A

That many of the institutions exist that are unnatural. Man will be happy when life conforms to the laws of nature.

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15
Q

How do people discover what the natural laws are for any given topic?

A

By reasoning, observing, and thinking rationally.

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16
Q

What describes the Enlightenment Man’s perspective on life?

A

That life is an enormous reform project.

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17
Q

What did Enlightenment thinkers believe about the nature of man?

A

That man was not inherently evil or sinful. Man was a blank slate that could do good.

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18
Q

What is the technical term for blank slate?

A

Tabula Rasa.

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19
Q

What step did Enlightenment Scientists Take that Scientific Revolution scientists did not?

A

The applied the new Epistemology to all life including God, religion, and the Bible

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20
Q

What was the new Enlightenment worldview built on?

A

Rationalism.

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21
Q

How did Enlightenment men view Science and Religion?

A

As two separate entities separated by an irreconcilable breach.

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22
Q

What is another modern term for this rationalism?

A

Secular Scientific Humanism.

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23
Q

What is Diderot famous for saying?

A

Strangle the Last King with the Entrails of the Last Pries.

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24
Q

What was substance of the Enlightenment Era “idea of progress”?

A

The notion that human history is inevitable progressing.

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25
Q

What makes Western Civilization’s view of history distinct from non-Western civilizations?

A

Western Civilization has held that History is always leading somewhere better than where mankind is today.

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26
Q

Name a French Economist and Statesman that emphasized the Enlightenment Idea that there a “Heaven on Earth”?

A

Jacques Turgot.

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27
Q

Name the English Chemist and Presbyterian Minister who believed that government would act in the interest of all men.

A

Joseph Priestley.

28
Q

List the American Enlightenment men who believe in the secular notion of a heavenly earth.

A

1) Thomas Jefferson
2) John Adams
3) Benjamin Franklin.

29
Q

Who was the most committed “Apostle of Progress”?

A

Condorcet.

30
Q

How does Condorcet view human history?

A

As Man’s Progressive Emancipation From the Arbitrary Domination of his Physical Environment and From the Historical Bondage of his own making.

31
Q

What did Condorcet’s hope for the future rest on?

A

1) Past Obstacles That Prevented the Spread of Knowledge Were Being Overcome
2) The Discovery of a Science of Man Made Articulating the Principles of Social Science Possible.

32
Q

What were the obstacles Condorcet refers to?

A

1) Elitism
2) Tyranny
3) Prejudice
4) Ignorance
5) Political Corruptions

33
Q

What does social science study?

A

Man’s Self-Interest and Motivation Behind His Actions

34
Q

What was the Common Goal of Many Enlightenment Men?

A

Social Reform

35
Q

What was the root principle behind Enlightenment Social Reform?

A

Unnatural institutions and relationships should be replaced by natural ones.

36
Q

List the four target sectors of Enlightenment Reform.

A

1) Political Reform
2) Social Reform
3) Economic Reform
4) Religious Reform

37
Q

What political reforms did the Enlightenment advocate?

A

Replacing a Monarch With a Democratic Republic

38
Q

What social reforms did the Enlightenment advocate?

A

1) Opposition to chattel slavery

2) Opposition to cruel and unusual criminal penalties

39
Q

What economic reforms did the Enlightenment advocate?

A

The replacing of Mercantilist policies with Capitalist ones.

40
Q

What religious reforms did the Enlightenment advocate?

A

1) A Doctrine of Toleration

2) Separation of Church and State

41
Q

What act were Enlightenment Men Confident in to Bring About Change?

A

Criticism.

42
Q

What was the Encyclopedie?

A

A thirty-eight volume set of books that were rendered on every imaginable topic using scientific techniques and analysis.

43
Q

Who was one of the leading French Philosophes who attacked injustice and hypocrisy through his writing?

A

Voltaire.

44
Q

What was one of Voltaire’s famous works?

A

Candide

45
Q

What was Voltaire’s most important work?

A

Elements of the Philosophy of Newton.

46
Q

What was the “rational religion” philosophes wanted termed?

A

Deism.

47
Q

Was the Enlightenment a monolithic movement?

A

No it was not.

48
Q

What version of the Enlightenment was extraordinarily influential?

A

The French Version.

49
Q

Where was the Enlightenment moderated and softened by local conditions?

A

England and America.

50
Q

What was the driving force of the French Enlightenment?

A

Reason.

51
Q

What did British Philosophes hope to liberate people from?

A

Unvirtuous Living.

52
Q

What did American Philsophes hope to liberate people from?

A

Political Tyranny and bondage

53
Q

How did Philosophes from other brands of Enlightenment thought treat one another?

A

As kinsmen and compatriots.

54
Q

How was reason treated in the Enlightenment in England and America?

A

Not as a Savior. it was fenced in by religion.

55
Q

Why was French Enlightenment Thinking Hostile to Religion?

A

Because in France Christianity was largely Roman Catholic. Roman Catholicism defended monarchy and aristocracy. Therefore preserving religion meant preserving the status quo.

56
Q

Where was the Enlightenment’s headquarters?

A

Paris.

57
Q

How did almost everyone think in colonial America?

A

With a Christian Worldview.

58
Q

What did the Colonial Christian Worldview look like?

A

1) God Created Heaven and Earth
2) There was a literal Heaven and Hell
3) They were Handicapped By Sin and Moral Corruption
4) God revealed absolute moral truths
5) Reason was Fallen
6) Men Needed the Word of God
7) God frequently intervened in human affairs.

59
Q

What was God in the Enlightenment worldview?

A

The Divine Clockmaker who oversaw His handiwork from a distance.

60
Q

How did Enlightenment thinkers believe man could reach a state of moral and intellectual perfection?

A

Through education.

61
Q

What did Enlightenment thinkers believe was the cause of human failings?

A

Ignorance and Bad Environment.

62
Q

What happened to Christian and Enlightenment Ideas in the American Colonies?

A

Enlightenment Ideas Moderation Colonial Religious Thought and Christianity Had a Spiritualizing Effect on Enlightenment Thought.

63
Q

What was John Locke’s belief about the source of political authority?

A

It arose from social compacts between people and not from Divine mandate.

64
Q

How did Cotton Mather exemplify the American attitude towards the Enlightenment?

A

He was a Massachusetts minister who wrote books discussing witches but still was a part of an early association of Enlightenment loving scientists.

65
Q

How did Jonathan Edwards demonstrate the American attitude towards the Enlightenment?

A

He became one of America’s greatest philosophers and remained a conservative and Orthodox Christian theologian.

West Civ II Exam #1 (8 decks)

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