Chapter 3: Thermodynamics

Question 1

The ____________________ is based on a simple observation: when one object is in thermal equilibrium with another object, say a cup of warm tea and a metal stirring stick, and the second object is in thermal equilibrium with a third object, such as your hand, then the first and third object are also in thermal equilibrium.

Answer 1

Zeroth law of thermodynamics

Question 2

In ___________________, when brought into thermal contact, no net heat will flow between these objects. Thermal contact does not necessarily imply physical contact, as objects can be internal contact across space.

Answer 2

Zeroth law of thermodynamics

Question 3

________ itself refers to the transfer of thermal energy from a hotter object with higher temperature (energy) to a colder object with lower temperature (energy).

Answer 3

Heat

Question 4

If no net heat flows between two objects in thermal contact, then we can say that their temperatures are equal and they are in ____________________.

Answer 4

Thermal equilibrium

Question 5

The ____________________ states that the entropy of a perfectly organized crystal at absolute zero is zero.

Answer 5

Third law of thermodynamics

Question 6

The _________________ in length change equation is a constant that characterizes how a specific material’s length changes as the temperature changes.

Answer 6

Coefficient of linear expansion

Question 7

The _________________ is equal to 3 times the coefficient of linear expansion for the same material (beta = 3 alpha)

Answer 7

Coefficient of volumetric expansion

Question 8

____________ systems are not capable of exchanging energy or matter with their surroundings. As a result, the total change in internal energy must be zero.

Answer 8

Isolated system

Question 9

____________ systems are capable of exchanging energy, but not matter, with the surroundings. Examples are experiments involving gases in vessels with movable pistons.

Answer 9

Closed systems

Question 10

__________ systems can exchange both matter and energy with the environment. In this system, not only does the matter carry energy, but more energy may be transferred in the form of heat or work.

Answer 10

Open systems

Question 11

The ___________________ states that the change in the total internal energy of a system is equal to the amount of energy transferred in the form of heat to the system, minus the amount of energy transferred from the system in the form of work.

Answer 11

First law of thermodynamics

Question 12

The ____________________ states that objects in thermal contact and not in thermal equilibrium will exchange heat energy such that the object with a higher temperature will give off heat energy to the object with a lower temperature until both objects have the same temperature at thermal equilibrium.

Answer 12

Second law of thermodynamics

Question 13

One ____________ (___________) is the amount of heat required to raise 1g of water one degree Celsius.

Answer 13

calorie (little c)

Question 14

One ____________ (_________) is the amount of heat required to raise 1kg of water 1 degree Celsius, equal to 1000 calories.

Answer 14

Calorie (big c)

Question 15

There are 3 means by which heat can transfer energy: _____________, _____________, and ____________.

Answer 15

• Conduction
• Convection
• Radiation

Question 17

_____________ is the direct transfer of energy from molecule to molecule through molecular collisions.

Answer 17

Conduction