Chapter 3: Vocabulary

Question 1

socialization:

Answer 1

lifelong process of social interaction through which individuals acquire a self-identity and the physical, mental, and social skills needed for survival in society.

Question 2

sociobiology:

Answer 2

the systematic study of “social behavior from a biological perspective”

Question 3

Freud: human development occurs in THREE states that reflect different levels of the personality:

Answer 3

id, ego, superego

Question 4

id:

Answer 4

the component of personality that includes all of the individual’s basic biological drives and needs that demand immediate gratification.

Question 5

ego:

Answer 5

the rational, reality-oriented component of personality that imposes restrictions on the innate pleasure-seeking drives of the id.

Question 6

superego:

Answer 6

conscience, consists of the moral and ethical aspects of personality.

Question 7

conscience levels of personality:

Answer 7

ego

Question 8

unconscious levels of personality:

Answer 8

superego, id

Question 9

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development:

Answer 9

[0-2] Sensorimotor
[2-6] Preoperational
[7-12] Concrete Operational
[12+] Formal Operational

Question 10

Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Reasoning:

Answer 10

Pre-Conventional Level: Stage 1 and Stage 2
Conventional Level: Stage 3 and Stage 4
Post-Conventional Level: Stage 5 and Stage 6

Question 11

(Kohlberg) Moral Reasoning:

Pre-Conventional Level:

Answer 11

Stage 1: Avoid Punishment?

Stage 2: Self Interest

Question 12

(Kohlberg) Moral Reasoning:

Conventional Level:

Answer 12

Stage 3: Getting People to Like Them

Stage 4: Maintain Functioning Society

Question 13

(Kohlberg) Moral Reasoning:

Post-Conventional Level:

Answer 13

Stage 5: Reject Rigidity of Laws

Stage 6: Sense of Justice

Question 14

Who had a problem with Kohlberg’s Stages and why?

Answer 14

Carol Gilligan. It all focused boys

Question 15

Gilligan’s Stages of Female Moral Development:

Answer 15

Stage 1: Young girls are motivated primarily by selfish concerns.

Stage 2: She recognizes her responsibility to others.

Stage 3: She makes a decision based on a desire to do the greatest good for self and for others.

Question 16

Charles Horton Cooley:

Answer 16

The Looking-Glass Self

Question 17

The Looking-Glass Self:

Answer 17

the way in which a person’s sense of self is derived from the perception of others.

1. we imagine how we look to others.
2. we imagine how other people judge the appearance that we think we present

• if evaluation favorable => self-concept is enhanced
• if evaluation unfavorable => self-concept is diminished

Question 18

Erving Goffman:

Answer 18

dramaturgy

Question 19

dramaturgy

Answer 19

• we have virtual selves!
• “if I were ever in a room with everyone I have ever known, I would not know who to be.”
• some call if “flexible”, others call it “mutable”

Question 20

(George Herber MEAD) Role Taking:

Answer 20

process in which a person mentally assumes the role of another person of group in order to understand the world from that person’s or group’s point of view.

the self is divided into “I” and “me”

• I: represents unique traits of each person
• me: composed of the demands of others and the awareness of those demands
• I: develops first!

Question 21

(Mead), The I and the Me:

Answer 21

Stage 1: Preparatory Stage
Stage 2: Play Stage
Stage 3: Game Stage

Question 22

(Mead) Stage 1: Preparatory Stage:

Answer 22

Imitation

Question 23

(Mead) Stage 2: Play Stage:

Answer 23

• Pretend play (mom’s, firefighters, policemen, etc.)
• Role-taking
• Different from imitation, children are capable of creating different interactions.

Question 24

(Mead) Stage 3: Game Stage:

Answer 24

• Understand the society as a whole (generalized Other)
• Multiple roles at once
• Other people are significant (parents, teachers, etc.)

Question 25

Me: social self
I: ________

Answer 25

Response to social self

our personal beliefs responding to societal beliefs

Question 26

Agents of Socialization:

Answer 26

the persons, groups, or institutions that teach us what we need to know in order to participate in society (family, school, peers, media, etc. )

Question 27

Primary agent of socialization:

Answer 27

Family!

• primary focus for procreation, socialization, and emotional support
• family is where we acquire our specific social position in society
• the socialization reproduces the class structure as it is passed to the next generation

Question 28

Secondary agent of socialization:

Answer 28

School!

• teachers socialize kids along class, racial, and gender lines as well…
• emphasizing different traits

Question 29

Functionalist Perspective: Functions of Schools

Answer 29

• teach students to be productive members of society
• transmit culture
• social control and personal development
• select, train, and place individuals on different rungs in society

Question 30

Conflict Perspectives: Schools

Answer 30

• socialization experiences depend on social class, racial/ethnic background, gender, and other factors

Question 31

self-concept:

Answer 31

the totality of our beliefs and feelings

Question 32

significant others:

Answer 32

those persons whose care, affection, and approval are especially desired and who are most important in the development of the self.

Question 33

“generalized Other”:

Answer 33

refers to the child’s awareness of the demands and expectations of the society as a whole or of the child’s subculture.

Question 34

Three stages of socialization:

Answer 34

1. Primary socialization
2. Secondary socialization
3. Tertiary socialization

Question 35

Primary socialization:

Answer 35

the process of learning that begins at birth and occurs in the home and family

Question 36

Secondary socialization:

Answer 36

the process of learning that takes place outside the home (schools, churches, work) and helps individuals learn how to act in appropriate ways in various situations

Question 37

Tertiary socialization:

Answer 37

the process of learning that takes place when adults move into new settings where they must accept certain ideas or engage in specific behaviors that are appropriate to that specific setting

Question 38

Reciprocal socialization:

Answer 38

the process by which the feelings, thoughts, appearance, and behavior of individuals who are undergoing socialization also have a direct influence on those agents of socialization who are attempting to influence them.

Question 39

peer group:

Answer 39

a group of people who are linked by common interests, equal social position, and (usually) similar age

Question 40

mass media:

Answer 40

composed of large-scale organizations that use print or electronic means to communicate with large numbers of people.

Question 41

gender socialization:

Answer 41

the aspect of socialization that contains specific messages and practices concerning the nature of being female or male in a specific group or society

Question 42

racial socialization:

Answer 42

the aspect of socialization that contains specific messages and practices concerning the nature of our racial or ethnic status as it relates to our identity, interpersonal relationships, and location in the social hierarchy.

Question 43

anticipatory socialization:

Answer 43

the process by which knowledge and skills are learned for future roles.

Question 44

social devaluation:

Answer 44

a person or group is considered to have less social value than other persons or groups.

Question 45

ageism:

Answer 45

prejudice and discrimination against people on the basis of age, particularly against older persons.

Question 46

resocialization:

Answer 46

the process of learning a new and different set of attitudes, values, and behaviors from those in one’s backgrounds and previous experience.
(voluntary or involuntary)

Question 47

total institution:

Answer 47

a place where people are isolated from the rest of society for a set period of time and come under the control of the officials who run the institution.