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HLSC 220 - Pharmacotherapeutics for Healthcare Professionals > Chapter 30 - General Anaesthetics > Flashcards

Chapter 30 - General Anaesthetics Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

What do general anaesthetics do?

A

-produce unconsciousness
-lack of pain response

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2
Q

How are general anaesthetics administered?

A

-inhalation
-intravenous

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3
Q

What is balanced anaesthesia?

A

a technique used to compensate for an ideal anesthetic that uses a combo of drugs

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4
Q

Goals of Balanced Anaesthesia:

A

-smooth induction
-rapid analgesia
-muscle relaxation

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5
Q

What inhaled drugs make up balanced anaesthesia?

A

-propofol
-NM blocking agents
-opioids
-nitrous oxide

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6
Q

Transmission is enhanced at ____________ synapses

A

inhibitory

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7
Q

Transmission is depressed at ______________ synapses

A

excitatory

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8
Q

All agents used today enhance activation of GABA receptors except…

A

nitrous oxide

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9
Q

What is the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC)?

A

the minimum concentration of drug in the alveolar air that will produce immobility in 50% of patients exposed to pain

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10
Q

Low MAC = _______ anaesthetic potency

A

high

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11
Q

Uptake of Inhaled Anaesthetics

A

in the lungs, greater concentration = more rapid uptake

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12
Q

What determines distribution of inhaled anaesthetics?

A

regional blood flow

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13
Q

What are the areas of fastest uptake?

A

-brain
-kidney
-heart

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14
Q

How are inhaled anaesthetics eliminated?

A

in expired breath via lungs

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15
Q

What are the adverse effects of inhaled anaesthetics?

A

-respiratory and cardiac depression
-dysrhythmias (sensitization to catecholamines)
-malignant hyperthermia
-aspiration of gastric contents (USE ET TUBE!!!)
-hepatotoxicity

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16
Q

Why are pre-anaesthetic medications given?

A

given to reduce anxiety, produce pre-op amnesia, relieve post-op pain

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17
Q

What are pre-anaesthetic benzodiazepines used for?

A

reduce anxiety and produce amnesia

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18
Q

What are pre-anaesthetic opioids used for?

A

pain and cough reduction

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19
Q

What are pre-anaesthetic clonidine used for?

A

used for hypertension

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20
Q

What are pre-anaesthetic anti-cholinergics used for?

A

decrease risk of bradycardia

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21
Q

What are some neuromuscular blocking agents?

A

succinylcholine and pancuronium

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22
Q

What are neuromuscular blocking agents used for?

A

reduce amount of anaesthesia needed and prevent skeletal muscle contraction

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23
Q

What medications are given post-anaesthesia?

A

-analgesics
-antiemetics
-muscarinic antagonists

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24
Q

What are post-anaesthetic analgesics used for?

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A

pain relief (mild - acetaminophen and severe - opioids)

25
What are post-anaesthetic antiemetics?
-ondansetron -promethazine -droperidol
26
What are post-anaesthetic muscarinic antagonists used for?
bethanechol - abdominal distension and urinary retention
27
Properties of sevoflurance
rapid induction and recovery
28
Nitrous oxide aka
laughing gas
29
What is the prototype of the volatile inhalation anaesthetics?
isoflurane
30
Properties of isoflurane:
-rapid action -depth can be raised or lowered easily -weak analgesic -inadequate muscle relaxation for surgery
31
Isoflurane induction is produced with __________
propofol
32
What drug must be added to isoflurane to improve muscle relaxation for surgery?
pancuronium
33
What are the adverse effects of isoflurance?
-hypotension -respiratory depression -nausea -vomiting -decreased urine output
34
Nitrous oxide has a _____ anaesthetic potency and a _____ analgesic potency
low; high
35
What is nitrous oxide never used as?
a primary anaesthetic
36
___% nitrous oxide gives equal pain relief to morphine
20
37
What are the side effects of nitrous oxide?
nausea and vomiting
38
Name the IV anaesthetics:
-short-acting barbiturates -benzodiazepines -propofol -etomidate -ketamine
39
The neuroleptic-opioid combination is...
droperidol and fentanyl
40
Thiopental properties:
-rapid onset -slow recovery -CV and respiratory depression -pain with injection
41
Etomidate properties:
-rapid onset -fast recovery -excitatory effects during induction -adrenocortical suppression -less CV and resp depression -injection site pain
42
Propofol properties:
-rapid onset -very rapid recovery -CV and resp depression -injection pain
43
What is the most common induction agent?
Propofol
44
Ketamine properties:
-slow onset -post-anaesthetic effects -psychomimetic effects -N&V -no injection pain
45
What is the primary use of benzodiazepines?
IV induction of anaesthesia
46
Properties of diazepam?
-loc in 1 min -little muscle relaxation
47
Properties of Midazolam:
-unconsciousness in 80s -dangerous cardiorespiratory effects
48
When does unconsciousness develop and last with propofol?
develops in 60s and lasts 3-5 mins
49
What is propofol used for?
induction and maintenance of analgesia
50
What are the adverse effects of propofol?
-respiratory depression -hypotension -risk of bacterial infection -abuse
51
What is etomidate?
a potent hypnotic agent
52
What is etomidate used for?
induction
53
What are adverse effects of repeated etomidate use?
-hypotension -oliguria -electrolyte disturbances -N&V
54
What is the preferred drug for patients with CV disorders?
etomidate
55
What are the effects of Ketamine?
-dissociative anaesthesia -sedation -immobility -analgesia -amnesia
56
What are the adverse effects of ketamine?
-hallucinations -disturbing dreams -delirium
57
What is ketamine used for?
young children with minor procedures
58
What environment should ketamine be used in?
a soothing environment

HLSC 220 - Pharmacotherapeutics for Healthcare Professionals (18 decks)

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