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BIO 152 > Chapter 30- Seed plant > Flashcards

Chapter 30- Seed plant Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of seed plants?

A

Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms

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2
Q

How do seed plants reproduce?

A

They reproduce by forming spores and then seeds.

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3
Q

What is enclosed in the seeds?

A

embryos and store nutrients.

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4
Q

What do parent’s plants provide their embryos?

A

They supply nutrient (seeds), seedlings with head start for germinating and developing.

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5
Q

What is the function of the head start of seedlings?

A

It is for germinating and developing.

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6
Q

How does seedless plant reproduce?

A

Most seedless plant are homosporous.

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7
Q

What does homosporous mean?

A
  1. spores that are produced by sporophyte are all the same

2. produce one type of gametophyte.

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8
Q

How do some lycophytes and ferns reproduce?

A

few of lycophytes and ferns are heterosporous

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9
Q

What does heterosporous mean?

A
  1. small microspores and and large megasporses

2. develop into male and female gametophyte respectively.

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10
Q

What is Heterospory?

A

It is the evolutionary forerunner to pollen (male gametophyte) and ovules (female gametophyte) that fertilized to become seeds in seeds plant.

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11
Q

What does sporophyte plant develop into?

A

It develops into a megasporangium

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12
Q

What does megasporangium produces?

A

it produces a single megaspores

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13
Q

What does megaspores develop into?

A

It develop into a multicellular female gametophyte.

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14
Q

What does the sporophyte retain?

A

It retains the megaspore and resulting gametophyte.

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15
Q

What makes up the ovule?

A
  1. megasporangium

2. eggs

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16
Q

What ovule develop to?

A

It develop into a seed

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17
Q

What are the five ecological advantages of seeds?

A
  1. sperms doesn’t need water to reach eggs
  2. structural advantage
  3. seed size and structure
  4. seeds can remain dormant in soil.
  5. store foods.
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18
Q

what is the benefits of size and structure of the seed?

A

seed size and structure provide resistant to damage and attack. seeds possess structural adaptations that improve dispersal.

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19
Q

What type of seeds does gymnosperm produce?

A

produce seeds that are exposed rather than enclosed in fruit.

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20
Q

Where does gymnosperm store their nutrients?

A

They store their nutrients in ovules prior to fertilization.

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21
Q

What are the 4 phyla of gymnosperm?

A
  1. cycads
  2. ginkgos
  3. conifers
  4. gnetophytes.
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22
Q

Where does cycad live?

A

They are found primarily in tropical and subtropical areas.

popular as house plant.

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23
Q

What is strobili?

A

massive cones that are produced by cycads

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24
Q

What does strobili bear?

A

it bears pollens or ovules and seeds on seperate male or female plants.

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25
Q

What is coralloid roots?

A

it is above ground roots that fix nitrogen and may produce toxins.

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26
Q

All ginkgos species are extinct except….

A

ginkgos biloba

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27
Q

What does dioecious mean?

A

it means seperate sex (female or male) trees produce either ovules and seeds or pollen.

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28
Q

Where does ginkgos live?

A

They found widely planted along city streets (often male)

29
Q

What is the benefit of ginkgo biloba extract?

A

is an herbal remedy believed to improve blood flow and memory.

30
Q

What is the shape of leaves of gingkos?

A

They have fan-shaped leaves.

31
Q

Where do confer’s plants lives?

A

They are common and extensive in mountain and high-latitude forests.

32
Q

What type of leaves does conifer plants have?

A

leaves are euphylls, but needle or scale-like

33
Q

What does pollen cone bear on them?

A

a leaf like structures that bear microsporangia which produce pollen.

34
Q

What is the function of cone scale that is found on ovulate cones?

A

They are protective and bear ovules.

35
Q

How do conifers adapt to cold climate?

A
  1. conical shape of tree and flexible branches
  2. scale-like or needle-shaped leaves with a thick waxy cuticle.
  3. most conifers are evergreens.
36
Q

How does the conical sheep of tree help adaptation to cold climate?

A

it helps shed snow

37
Q

How does the scale-like or needle shaped leaves help adaptation to cold climate?

A

The thick cuticle resists water loss in cold, windy conditions.

38
Q

How does the evergreen leaves help adaptation to cold climate?

A

reduces investment in new leaves and allows for some continued photosynthesis during cooler months.

39
Q

what features are shared between angiosperms and gnetophytes?

A

some features such as broad leaves, pollination by insects, and double fertilization.

40
Q

Who is gnetophytes closest to?

A

They are closest to conifers and angiosperms.

41
Q

What are the three different type of gnetophytes?

A
  1. gnetum
  2. ephedra
  3. welwitschia
42
Q

What seeds are enclosed with in angiosperm?

A

enclosed within fruits.

43
Q

what is seed endosperm?

A

tissues that are produced by double fertilization.

44
Q

What is receptacle?

A

it forms the base of a flower at the end of a stem

45
Q

What are the 4 main flowers organs?

A
  1. sepals
  2. petals
  3. stamens
  4. pistil.
46
Q

What is sepal?

A

leaf-like structure that protects flower before it opens.

47
Q

what is petals?

A

colorful structure that may attract pollinators.

48
Q

What does stamens do?

A

they produces and disperses pollen

49
Q

what does pistil do?

A

produces ovules and receives pollen.

50
Q

what does stamen consists of?

A
  1. Anther

2. filament.

51
Q

What is anther?

A

It is cluster of microsporangia that produce pollen

52
Q

What is filament?

A

stalk that elevate and support the anther.

53
Q

What does pistil consists of?

A
  1. stigma
  2. style
  3. ovary.
54
Q

What is stigma?

A

sticky or feathery structure that receives and recognized pollen; allow appropriate pollen to germinate.

55
Q

What is style?

A

connect stigma and ovary

56
Q

What is ovary?

A

bears megasporangia that produces the ovules.

57
Q

What is perfect flower?

A

Flowers that have both stamens and carpel.

58
Q

What is complete flower?

A

flowers that have all 4 flower organs:

  1. pistil
  2. stamens
  3. petal
  4. sepal.
59
Q

What is imperfect flower?

A

flowers that lack either stamens or carpels

60
Q

What is inflorescence flower?

A

They are cluster of flowers grouped closely together on the same stem

61
Q

What are the different ways that is used to transfer pollen?

A
  1. fusion of flower organs
  2. arrangement of flowers into inflorescences
  3. changes in flower symmetry and position
  4. formation of floal tubes and sugar-rish nectar to attract specific animal pollinators
  5. loss of flower organs.
62
Q

What is pollination syndrome?

A

it is flower traits that are specialized for specific pollinators through coevolution.

63
Q

When does angiosperms produce and store seed nutrient in ovules?

A

unlike gymnosperms, only after fertilization.

64
Q

What is the function of endosperm?

A

in a seed, they provide nutrients to embryo and is primarily starch , plus some oils, plant hormones.

65
Q

What is the main function of fruits?

A

they aid in the dispersal of enclosed seeds.

66
Q

What fruits may adapted to?

A
  1. wind dispersal
  2. animal dispersal
  3. floating in water.
67
Q

What are the three different categories of fruits?

A
  1. simple fruits
  2. aggregate fruit
  3. multiple fruit.
68
Q

What does simple fruit develop from?

A

They develop from ripening of one ovary.

69
Q

What are the two types of simple fruites?

A
  1. simple fleshy fruit

2. simple dry fruits

BIO 152 (11 decks)

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