Chapter 34-Vertebrate I

Question 1

What is Cranites?

Answer 1

Craniate include hagfish and all vertebrate.

Question 2

What is the main characteristic of craniates?

Answer 2

1. cranium: protective bony or cartilaginous housing enclosing the brain
2. Neural crest: embryonic cells that will disperse throughout the embryo and lead to the formation of cranium, jaws, teeth, and peripheral nerves.

Question 3

Hagfish

Answer 3

1. Not true fish
2. Jawless, finless, and no vertebral column
3. Possess a skull and cartilaginous notochord
4. primitive craniates resemble fossil found 530 mya
5. Blind scavenger with keen sense of smell
6. produces copious slime to deter predators.

Question 4

chordate phylum

Answer 4

It has vertebrates subphylum:

1. 60,000 species
2. ranges in size from tiny fish to huge whales
3. Occupy all earth’s biomes.

Question 5

Vertebrates (subphylum)

Answer 5

Possess all chordate and craniates trait, plus,:

1. vertebral column
2. endoskeleton
3. complex internal organs.

Question 6

Vertebral column

Answer 6

Notochord develops into a bony or cartilaginous column of interlocking vertebrae.

Question 7

Endoskeleton

Answer 7

Living internal skeleton of cartilage or bones. most have two or more pair of appendages (legs, fins,…)

Question 8

Complex internal organs

Answer 8

Liver, kidney, endocrine glands, and a heart with two or more chambers.

Question 9

Fishes

Answer 9

1. 5 out of 11 existing vertebrae classes are fish
2. about 30,000 species
3. fishes are aquatic, gill-breathing ectotherm that possess fins and scaly skins.

Question 10

Lampreys (class petromyzontida)

Answer 10

1. primitive vertebrates that lacks jaws and appendages
2. Notochord is primitive vertebral column composed of cartilage
3. occur in marine and freshwater
4. many are lampreys are parasitic
5. circular mouth with rasp like teeth for sucking fluids from other fishes
6. decimated important fish species in the great lakes.

Question 11

Jawed fish

Answer 11

There are four classes of gnathostomes (jaw mouth)

Question 12

Where does hinged jaw developed from?

Answer 12

Hinged jaw developed from pharyngeal arches and cartilaginous rods. (the original function of these were to flank the gill slits, and support the respiratory gill tissues)

Question 13

Chondrichthyes class

Answer 13

It include:

1. cartilaginous fish
2. shark and rays
3. skeleton composed of flexible cartilage.

Question 14

Why cartilaginous fish have cartilage skeleton?

Answer 14

Most vertebral skeleton first begin as a cartilage model during development where cartilaginous fish retain that embryonic trait.

Question 15

How many fins does shark possess?

Answer 15

Shark posses paired pectoral and pelvic fins, a powerful caudal fin and one or two dorsal fins.

Question 16

What are the characteristic of the teeth and the skin of shark?

Answer 16

• Sharks possess a rough placoid scales on the skin which contain calcified tissue
• The teeth are modified scales. They continuously get replaced throughout the life.

Question 17

Characteristic of shark’s gill slit

Answer 17

• Shark possess naked gill slits.
• Oxygenated water enters the mouth and flow over gills for gas exchange.
• Most sharks lack mechanism for pumping water over gills.

Question 18

The body of the shark

Answer 18

• The body of the shark is denser than water.
• It lacks swim bladder.
• Oil filled liver

Question 19

Swim bladder, oil filled liver

Answer 19

provide buoyancy to bony fish.

Question 20

Characteristic of shark’s heart

Answer 20

• Two chambered heart, it has one atrium and one ventricle.

- Closed circulatory system that employs single circulation.

Question 21

The circulation of blood

Answer 21

1. Atrium collect blood, which empties into the ventricle
2. ventricle pump blood to the gill for oxygenation
3. blood flows to body tissues before returning to the heart.

Question 22

Shark sensation

Answer 22

1. smell sensation: shark have powerful smell sensation via paired nares and olfactory bulbs
2. pressure sensation: shark have system of microscopic sensory organs that detect pressure wave from movement in water (lateral line)
3. electrical sensation: shark can detect electrical impulses of other animals. (Ampullae of Lorenzini)

Question 23

Fertilization in shark

Answer 23

• Pelvic fin of males has a pair of claspers for transforming sperm to the female.
• Other species are oviparous.

Question 24

ovoviviparous

Answer 24

Egg retained in mother’s body and sustained by yolk until ready to hatch.

Question 25

viviparous

Answer 25

Eggs developed in uterus and is nourished by maternal tissue via placenta.

Question 26

Classes of osteichthyes

Answer 26

1. ray-finned fish 2. coelacanths 3. lungfish

Question 27

Features of bony fish differ from Chondrichthyes

Answer 27

1. Bondy skeleton 2. operculum 3. swim bladder

Question 28

Operculum

Answer 28

protective flap that covers the gills.

Question 29

Fertilization of bony fish

Answer 29

Most reproduce via external fertilization.

Question 30

Where does bony fish spawn?

Answer 30

Many fish spawn in shallow, costal waters, or freshwater streams rich in food and oxygen.

Question 31

Anadromous fish

Answer 31

fishes that lives in marine but migrate to freshwater to spawn.

Question 32

How many fin does Ray finned fish have?

Answer 32

It possess paired pectoral, pelvic, and dorsal fins, a single caudal fin, and a single anal fin.

Question 33

How the fin of the ray finned fish is supported?

Answer 33

Fins are supported by thin, bony, flexible rays controlled by muscles in the interior of the body.

Question 34

Dermal scales of ray finned fish

Answer 34

The overlapping dermal scales are coated with slimy mucus to reduce the friction during swimming.

Question 35

What is the function of the muscles of operculum?

Answer 35

The muscles of operculum forces the water over the gills, allowing bony fish to breath when not moving.

Question 36

What class of bony fish is the most successful fish?

Answer 36

class of ray finned fish.

Question 37

How the fin of the Lobe-finned fish is supported?

Answer 37

They are supported by limb-like skeletal extensions of the pectoral and pelvic areas and controlled by muscle inside fins.

Question 38

what is the closest relative to Lobe-finned fish?

Answer 38

The closest relative are tetrapods

Question 39

Feature of coelacanth fish

Answer 39

it has jointed head like land vertebrates

Question 40

Where do lungfish prefer to stay in?

Answer 40

They live in oxygen poor freshwater swamps and ponds

Question 41

How do lungfish breathe?

Answer 41

They posses both gills and lungs (gulp air for gas exchange)

Question 42

Which fish will drown if they are in water?

Answer 42

lungfish will drown if they can't breath.