Chapter 31 - Gynecology

Question 1

What are the ovaries?

Answer 1

Small, oval shaped glands located on either side of the uterus

Question 2

What hormones do the ovaries produce?

Answer 2

Estrogen

Progesterone

Question 3

What are Fallopian tubes?

Answer 3

A pair of ducts that open at one end into the uterus and at the other end into the peritoneal cavity, over the ovaries

Also called uterine tubes

Question 4

What is the uterus?

Answer 4

A hollow, pair-shaped muscular organ

Also called the womb

Question 5

What is the main function of the uterus?

Answer 5

Accept and nourish fertilized ovum

Question 6

What happens to ovums that are not fertilized?

Answer 6

Shed from body through menstruation

Question 7

What is the vagina?

Answer 7

Birth canal

Question 8

What is the vulva (external genitalia)

Answer 8

Consist of

• Labia minora
• labia majora
• Bartholin’s gland
• clitoris

Protect internal organ from infection

Question 9

What are the mammary glands?

Answer 9

Glands that secrete milk during nursing.

Question 10

How long does the normal menstruation cycle?

Answer 10

28 days

Question 11

What is the volume of the average menstrual flow?

Answer 11

25ml-60ml

Question 12

What is menarche?

Answer 12

The first menstruation and commencement of the cyclic menstrual function

Question 13

What is the average age for menarche?

Answer 13

10-14 years of age

Question 14

What is menopause?

Answer 14

Cessation of menses

Question 15

What is the average age a woman experiences menopause?

Answer 15

47 years old

Question 16

What is the average range a woman experiences menopause?

Answer 16

35-60 years old

Question 17

What are the 3 phases of menstruation?

Answer 17

Follicular phase
Ovulation phase
Luteal phase

Question 18

When does the follicular phase begin?

Answer 18

First day of menstrual cycle

Question 19

What occurs during the follicular phase?

Answer 19

Follicular-stimulating Hormone and Lutenizing hormone are released making contact with the ovaries.

This stimulates ovum to produce 15-20 Oocytes (immature ova)

Granulosa cells surround these cells forming the primary follicle

This causes an increase in estrogen

Question 20

What is menstruation?

Answer 20

The periodic discharge through the vagina of a blood secretion containing tissue debris from the wedding of the endometrium from the nonpregnant uterus

Question 21

During the follicular phase what effects does the rise in estrogen have?

Answer 21

Stops production of FSH

Limits number of primary follicles that mature into secondary follicles

Question 22

What is a vesicular or Graafian follicle?

Answer 22

A fully mature follicle

Question 23

Name the structures of the female reproductive system

Answer 23

Ovaries
Fallopian tube
Uterus
Vagina
External genitalia
Mammary glands

Question 24

What occurs during the Luteal phase?

Answer 24

Empty follicle turns into yellow structure known as corpus luteum

Cause large secretion of progesterone

If egg fertilized

• chorionic gonadotropin produced to prevent the corpus luteum from degenerating
• progesterone and estrogen do not decrease
• menstruation does not occur

If egg not fertilized

• corpus luteum degenerates
• progesterone production cease
• menstruation occurs

Question 25

What are the 2 phases of development that the endometrium undergo?

Answer 25

Proliferation phase Secretory phase

Question 26

What occurs during the proliferative phase?

Answer 26

Starts with increase in estrogen produced by mature follicle Stimulates endometrium to grow and thicken Prepares for implantation

Question 27

What occurs during the secretory phase?

Answer 27

Begins after ovulation Progesterone levels increase Uterine vascularity increases Within 7 days after ovulation uterus is ready for implantation

Question 28

How long can ovum survive in absence of fertilization?

Answer 28

6-24 hours

Question 29

What occurs during the ovulation phase?

Answer 29

Increase estrogen triggers release of LH Increase Lutenizing hormone causes follicle to expand and rupture Occurs on the 14th day

Question 30

What is vaginal bleeding?

Answer 30

Loss of blood from uterus, cervix, or vagina

Question 31

Nontraumatic causes of vaginal bleeding

Answer 31

``` Spontaneous abortion Disorders of placenta Hormonal imbalance (menopause) Lesions PID Onset of labor ```

Question 32

Life style changes for mild asymptomatic prolapse?

Answer 32

Losing weight Stop smoking Preventing coughing Avoid heavy weight lifting and straining

Question 33

What holds the uterus in place?

Answer 33

``` Connective tissue Muscles Broad ligaments Round ligaments Uterosacral ligaments ```

Question 34

In the prehospital setting what is the treatment for a vaginal foreign body ?

Answer 34

Do not try to remove. Transport.

Question 35

Traumatic cause of vaginal bleeding?

Answer 35

Straddle injury (bike)

Question 36

If a mother is giving birth with an outbreak of herpes what complications can the baby have?

Answer 36

Deaf Blind More

Question 37

Signs of herpes outbreak during emergency childbirth

Answer 37

Lesions Parestesis Cephalopelvic disproportion

Question 38

Signs of early pregnancy

Answer 38

``` Missed/late periods Breast tenderness Urinating frequency Morning sickness Unprotected sex ```