Chapter 31 (Unfinished)

Question 1

How do fungi grow?

Answer 1

Extend filaments (hyphae) into soil

Question 2

What do hyphae do?

Answer 2

Break down organic matter with enzymes to release nutrients

Question 3

How do fungi reproduce?

Answer 3

Nist release spores

Question 4

How can parasites get nutrients?

Answer 4

Penetrating living cells

Question 5

Can parasites be pathogenic?

Answer 5

Yes

Question 6

Where do decomposers live?

Answer 6

On logs, animal waste, carcasses

Question 7

What do all hyphae form?

Answer 7

Mycelium

Question 8

Why is maximizing hyphae surface area important?

Answer 8

Maximizing the surface volume ratio increases efficiency

Question 9

What are arbuscles?

Answer 9

Branching hyphae

Question 10

Where are arebuscles found? What do they do?

Answer 10

Some mutualistic fungi, exchange nutrients with living plant cells

Question 11

What are mychorrizhae?

Answer 11

“Fungus roots”- mutualistic relationship between plant roots and fungus

Question 12

Where do ectomycorrhizal fungi grow?

Answer 12

Surface

Question 13

Where do fungi get their carbohydrates from?

Answer 13

Plants

Question 14

Do fungi reproduce sexually or asexually?

Answer 14

Some are either/or, some can do both

Question 15

What happens once spores land in a suitable ares?

Answer 15

They make a mycelium and germiinate

Question 16

LOOK AT REPRODUCTIVE DIAGRAM AND SLIDE AFTER(RESET TO 1)

Question 17

How do unfused nuclei happen?

Answer 17

Cytoplasms fuse, nuclei don’t form

Question 18

What does pheremone signaling do?

Answer 18

Helps mycelium of different mating types find each other and reproduce

Question 19

What is plasmogamy?

Answer 19

Stage in reproduction where cytoplasms fuse, nuclei don’t

Question 20

What is a heterokaryon?

Answer 20

Cell with multiple genetically different nuclei

Question 21

What is dikaryon?

Answer 21

Cell with 2 genetically different nuclei

Question 22

What is karyogamy?

Answer 22

Fusion of nuclei

Question 23

What is mold?

Answer 23

A fungus that grows as filamentous fungus, makes haploid spores through mitosis, makes visible mycelium

Question 24

What are deuteromycetes?

Answer 24

Molds with no known life cycle

Question 25

When did the first species of fungi come around?

Answer 25

~440 mya

Question 26

What are fungi most closely related to?

Answer 26

Animals

Question 27

When did fungi start to show mychorrizhae?

Answer 27

~405 mya

Question 28

What role do most chyptomycetes play?

Answer 28

Protist parasites

Question 29

What role do most microsporidians play?

Answer 29

Animal/protist parasites

Question 30

What environmental role have chitrids played?

Answer 30

Responsible for the extinction of many amphibian populations

Question 31

What are zoopagomycetes?

Answer 31

Parasites or neutral symbionts of animals, fungi, or protists

Question 32

What does commensal mean?

Answer 32

Good for one, neutral for another

Question 33

What are mucuromycetes?

Answer 33

Fast growing molds that rot foods

Question 34

What role do mucuromycetes play?

Answer 34

Some are decomposers, can be pathogens or parasites of plants

Question 35

Where are ascomycetes spores?

Answer 35

Saclike asci

Question 36

What is an ascocarp?

Answer 36

Fruiting body that's part of an ascomycete that contains the spore-forming asci

Question 37

What role do ascomycetes play?

Answer 37

Decomposers, plant pathogens, can live with green algae or cyanobacteria to make lichens

Question 38

What is the biodiversity of ascomycetes like?

Answer 38

Unicellular yeasts --> complex forms

Question 39

What is black bread mold an example of?

Answer 39

Ascomycetes

Question 40

What are some examples of basidiomycetes?

Answer 40

Mushrooms, puffballs, shelf fungi

Question 41

What is the club-shaped reproductive structure of a basidiomycete called?

Answer 41

A basidium

Question 42

What role do basidiomycetes play?

Answer 42

Decomposers- Best at decomposing lignin

Question 43

Read up on fairy rings

Question 44

How many plants have arbuscular mycorrhizae?

Answer 44

Most

Question 45

What are some distinguishing features of cryptomycota?

Answer 45

Parasites with flagellated spores

Question 46

What are some distinguishing features of microsporidia?

Answer 46

Parasitic cells that make resistant spores

Question 47

What are some distinguishing features of chytridiomycota?

Answer 47

Flagellated spores

Question 48

What are some distinguishing features of zoopagomycota?

Answer 48

Resistant zygosporangium as sexual stage

Question 49

What are some distinguishing features of Mucuromycota?

Answer 49

Include fungi that form arbuscular mycorrhizae with plants

Question 50

What are some distinguishing features of Ascomycota?

Answer 50

Sexual spores made in saclike asci, lots of spores made

Question 51

What are some distinguishing features of basidiomycota?

Answer 51

Elaborate fruiting body containing basidia that produce sexual spores

Question 52

How are fungi and bacteria important in nutritent recycling?

Answer 52

They break down compounds and release elements and nutrients as nutrients, allowing life to exist

Question 53

What are symbiotic endophytes?

Answer 53

Harmless/beneficial bacteria/fungi that live between plant cells/Multicellular algae

Question 54

How are endophytes beneficial to plants?

Answer 54

They can make toxins that deter herbivores and increase resistance to environmental extremes

Question 55

What are lichens?

Answer 55

Symbiotic associations between algae/cyanobacterium and a fungus

Question 56

Where do lichens grow?

Answer 56

Rock and soil surfaces

Question 57

What does each part of a lichen get out of the relationship? (p69)

Answer 57

Fungus provides suitable place for growth, alga/cyanobacterium provides carbon compounds

Question 58

How close is the association between the algae/cyanobacterium and fungus for a lichen?

Answer 58

So close it's named as if it's one organism

Question 59

What fungus are lichens usually?

Answer 59

Ascomycete

Question 60

What do most parasitic fungi target?

Answer 60

Plants

Question 61

What is mycosis?

Answer 61

General term for a fungal infection in an animal

Question 62

What are some fungal infections in humans?

Answer 62

Ringworm and athlete's foot

Question 63

What are some practical uses of fungi?

Answer 63

Food production, medicine, research