Chapter 32 Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Chapter 32 Deck (40)
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1
Q

Animals are ____________that ingest their food

A

heterotrophs

2
Q

All animals can trace their lineage to a common ancestor that lived in the _____

A

Neoproterozoic era

3
Q

Which of the following is (are) unique to animals?

A

nervous conduction and muscular movement

4
Q

Animal cells are held together by structural proteins such as___________

A

collagen

5
Q

________ are groups of cells that have a common structure, function, or both

A

Tissues

6
Q

Most animals reproduce sexually, with the _______ stage usually dominating the life cycle

A

diploid

7
Q

Cleavage leads to formation of a multicellular, hollow _________

A

blastula

8
Q

The blastula undergoes __________, forming a ________ with different layers of embryonic tissues

A

gastrulation, gastrula

9
Q

A ______ is sexually immature and morphologically distinct from the adult; it eventually undergoes ___________

A

larva, metamorphosis

10
Q

A _________resembles an adult, but is not yet sexually mature

A

juvenile

11
Q

Most animals, and only animals, have _______ that regulate the development of body form

A

Hox genes

12
Q

Although the Hox family of genes has been highly conserved, it can produce a wide diversity of ___________

A

Animal morphology

13
Q

The common ancestor of living animals (675-800 MYA) may have resembled modern _________, protists that are the closest living relatives of animals

A

choanoflagellates

14
Q

The common ancestor is likely to have been a protist that lived during the _________.

A

Neoproterozoic

15
Q

Early members of the animal fossil record include the _________, which dates from 565 to 550 million years ago

A

Ediacaran biota

16
Q

The ____________ (535 to 525 million years ago) marks the earliest fossil appearance of many major groups of living animals

A

Cambrian explosion

17
Q

The beginning of the_________ era followed mass extinctions of both terrestrial and marine animals. These extinctions included the large, nonflying dinosaurs and the marine reptiles

A

Cenozoic

18
Q

Zoologists sometimes categorize animals according to a _________, a set of morphological and developmental traits

A

body plan

19
Q

In some species, such as worms, sea urchins, and vertebrates, the protein ________ marks the site of gastrulation and activates the transcription of genes necessary for the process.

A

-catenin

20
Q

Some animals have _________, with no front and back, or left and right

A

radial symmetry

21
Q

Two-sided symmetry is called _________

A

bilateral symmetry

22
Q

Bilaterally symmetrical animals have
A dorsal (top) side and a ventral (bottom) side
A right and left side
Anterior (head) and posterior (tail) ends
__________, the development of a head

A

Cephalization

23
Q

Radial animals are often _____or __________

A

sessile, planktonic

24
Q

________ is the germ layer covering the embryo’s surface

A

Ectoderm

25
Q

_________ is the innermost germ layer and lines the developing digestive tube, called the archenteron

A

Endoderm

26
Q

Sponges and a few other groups lack ______

A

true tissues

27
Q

________animals have ectoderm and endoderm

These include cnidarians and comb jellies

A

Diploblastic

28
Q

_______ animals also have an intervening ______ layer (develops into the lining of the coelom, muscles, skeleton, gonads, kidneys and circulatory system); these include all bilaterians

A

Triploblastic, mesoderm

29
Q

Most triploblastic animals possess a _______

A

body cavity

30
Q

A true body cavity is called a ________ and is derived from mesoderm

A

coelom

31
Q

________ are animals that possess a true coelom

A

Coelomates

32
Q

A ________ is a body cavity derived from the mesoderm and endoderm

A

pseudocoelom

33
Q

Triploblastic animals that possess a pseudocoelom are called ___________

A

pseudocoelomates

34
Q

Triploblastic animals that lack a body cavity are called _________

A

acoelomates

35
Q

_________ is a clade of animals with true tissues

A

Eumetazoa

36
Q

Most animal phyla belong to the clade ________ and are called __________

A

Bilateria, Bilaterians

37
Q

What distinguishes a coelomate animal from a pseudocoelomate animal is that coelomates

A

a body cavity completely lined by mesodermal tissue, whereas pseudocoelomates do not.

38
Q

The morphology-based tree divides bilaterians into two clades _______ and _________

A

deuterostomes, Protostomes

39
Q

Ecdysozoans shed their exoskeletons through a process called _____. Example Cicada.

A

ecdysis

40
Q

There are several hypotheses regarding the cause of the cambrian explosion and decline of Edicaran Biota

A
  • New Predator-prey relationship
  • A rise in atmospheric oxygen
  • The evoulution of the HOX gene Complex