Chapter 3.2.4 Kingdom Animalia Part 1 & 2 Flashcards
(102 cards)
1
Q
describe the two types of symmetry
A
radial symmetry
- top and bottom
- no front and back
- no left or right
bilateral symmetry
- top (dorsal) and bottom (ventral)
- front (anterior) and back (posterior)
- left and right side
2
Q
what is cephalization in bilateral animals
A
evolutionary trend toward concentration of sensory equipment at anterior end of body (the head)
3
Q
if an animal is sessile (live attached to substrate) or planktonic (drifting, weakly swimming), what type of symmetry fits its lifestyle
A
radial symmetry
- can meet environment equally from all sides
4
Q
if an animal move more and with direction, what type of symmetry fits its lifestyle
A
bilateral symmetry
5
Q
what differentiates ectoderm and endoderm
A
ectoderm
- germ layer covering surface of embryo
- outer covering of animal and sometimes central nervous system
endoderm
- innermost germ layer
- lines archenteron
- produces lining of digestive tract/cavity
6
Q
what does diploblastic mean
A
- animals with only ectoderm and endoderm
7
Q
what does triploblastic mean
A
- animals with 3 germs layers, mesoderm between ectoderm and endoderm
8
Q
what is the function of mesoderm
A
- forms muscles and organs between digestive tract and outer covering
9
Q
what is the name of the body cavity that most triploblastic animals have
A
coelom
- fluid or air filled space between digestive tract and outer body wall
10
Q
what do we call animals with true coelom completely lined with mesoderm
A
coelomates
11
Q
what do we call animals with a body cavity formed from mesoderm and endoderm
A
pseudocoelomates
12
Q
what do we call animals with no body cavity
A
acoelomates
13
Q
what are the 3 main functions of body cavitites
A
- fluid cushions suspended organs
- fluid may act as a skeleton
- allows internal organs to grow and act independently
14
Q
difference in cleavage between protostome and deuterostome development
A
protostomes
1. cleavage
- display spiral, determinate (programmed to be a specific part) cleavage
deuterostomes
- display radial, indeterminate (not programmed to be anything specific) cleavage
15
Q
difference in coelom formation between protostome and deuterostome development
A
protostomes
- solid masses of cells split to form body cavity/coelom
deuterostomes
- buds from wall of archenteron and cavity becomes coelom
16
Q
difference in the fate of blastopore between protostomes and deuterostomes
A
protostomes
- mouth develops from blastopore
deuterostomes
- anus forms from blastopore
17
Q
main characteristics of porifera sponges
A
- asymmetrical or radially symmetrical
- no true tissues
- most are marine
- sedentary
18
Q
how does suspension feeding works
A
- captured food particles are suspended in water and pass through their body
- water enters spongocoel
- water flows out of osculum
19
Q
what are the different types of cells in sponges
A
- Choanocytes, line spongocoel
- Amoebocytes: intra cellular digestion
most are hermaphroditic
20
Q
what are the cnidaria
A
- hydras, jellyfish, corals
- radial symmetry
- diploblastic
21
Q
what is the body plan of cnidaria
A
sac with gastrovascular cavity
- one opening to cavity (incomplete digestion (doesn’t have 2 holes))
- simple nervous system
22
Q
what are the two major body forms of cnidaria and their characteristics
A
Polyp
- extend tentacles and wait for prey
- mouth up
- adhere to substrate (any surface) with aboral end (bottom end)
Medusa
- tentacles dangle from oral surface
- moves passively or contracts body
- mouth down
23
Q
true of false some cnidaria can have both polyp and medusa body forms in their life cycle
A
true
24
Q
what are the uses of tentacles
A
- to capture prey
- direct food toward opening of gastrovascular cavity
- defense
25
what are cnidocytes
specialized cells with nematocyst
- organelle housing stinging thread
- can be discharged and explode outward
- puncture or inject poison
26
main characteristics of platyhelminthes
- bilateral symmetry
- triploblastic
- acoelomates
- damp environments
- free living parasitic groups
27
what explains the flattened shape of platyhelminthes
- all their cells are close to water (environment)
- allows gas exchange and elimination of waste by diffusion across body surface
(flat shape maximizes surface area for efficient exchange)
- gastrovascular cavity, in flat body food doesn't have to travel a lot, it branches to animal's cells
28
true or false playhelminthes does complete digestion
false, incomplete
gastrovascular cavity with one opening
29
what are the three main groups of platyhelminthes
1. planarians
2. flukes
3. tapeworms
30
characteristics or planarians
- free living
- eyespots
- simple nervous system
31
characteristics of flukes
- parasitic
- require different hosts for different life cycle
- alternating sexual and asexual stages
32
main characteristics of tapeworms
- parasitic inside vertebrates
- no mouth or gastrovascular cavity, absorb nutrients across body wall
- have scolex (suckers for attachment)
33
how do tapeworms reproduce
sections called proglottids (reproductive structures) detach from parent and leaves host
34
characteristics of nematoda
roundworms
- bilateral symmetry
- triploblastic
- pseudocoelomates
- protostomes
- complete digestive tract
- no circulatory system
35
main characteristics of annelids
segmented worms
- bilateral symmetry
- triploblastic coelomates
- protostomes
- complete digestive system
- damp environment
36
digestion in annelids
crop
- stores food
gizzard
- grinds food
intestine
- digestion and absorption
37
does annalids have a close or open circulatory system
closed
- dorsal vessel above digestive tube
38
what is interstitial fluid called in an open circulatory system
hemolymph
39
how does annelids separate their interstitial fluid and their blood
with their close circulatory system
40
what are mollusks and their main info
- Bilateral symmetric
- Triploblastic
- True coelomates
- Protostome
- Have a complete digestive tract (gut)
- Soft bodied (secrete calcium carbonate for shell)
41
characteristics of the body plan of mollusks
- muscular foot for movement
- visceral mass (internal organs) on top
- have organ called mantle to secrete shell
42
purpose of mantle cavity
contains gills, anus and excretory pores
43
do most mollusks have open or close circulatory system
open circulatory system
- except for squid and octopuses
44
what are arthropods
- includes insects, crustaceans, arachnids, centipedes, millipedes
- exist in almost all habitats
- very abundant (2/3 of all known species)
45
main characteristics of arthropods
- hard exoskeleton (made from chitin)
- bilateral symmetry
- triploblastic
- coelomate
- protostome
46
what are the benefits of jointed appendages (arthropoda)
specialization
- walking
- feeding
- sensory reception
- reproduction
- defense
47
what type of circulatory system do arthropods have
open circulatory system
- so have hemolymph
48
what are the three ways arthropods does respiration
1. book lungs in arachnids
- stacked plate-like structures in internal chamber
2. gills in crustaceans
eg. lobsters
3. tracheal tubes in insects (branched throughout whole body)
- chitin lined tubes bring oxygen to cells
- spiracles (opening to the tracheal tube system
49
what are echinoderms
- include sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers
- triploblastic
- deuterostome
- slow moving or sessile (let environment move them)
50
what is the water vascular system in echinoderms
network of hydraulic canals branching into tube feet
51
purpose of the water vascular system in echinoderms
- feeding
- locomotion
52
what are the 4 features chordates had to have at some point in their development
1. notochord
- longitudinal flexible rod
- purpose: structural skeleton, flexible structure for muscles to work against for swimming
- most vertebrates' skeleton develops around it
2. dorsal hollow nerver cord
- develops into central nervous system
3. pharyngeal slits
- slits open to outside of body
- all chordate embryos have these
- allows water to enter and leave without passing through digestive tract
4. post-anal tail
- tail extending posterior to anus
- helps propel aquatic species
- reduced in embryonic development for most species
53
what are the characteristics of tracheal systems
- in insects
- made up of air tubes that branch throughout body
54
true or false some insects can ventilate by compressing muscles
true (flight)
55
main characteristics of lungs
- localized respiratory organs (not throughout entire body)
- not in direct contact with other parts of the body
- evolved in animals with open circulatory systems
56
explain what is positive pressure breathing in amphibians
1. air is drawn thru nostrils as floor of oral cavity lowers
2. nostrils and floor of oral cavity rises forcing air down trachea
3. exhalation occurs as elastic lungs recoil and body wall compresses
57
explain the respiratory systems of birds
1. air fills posterior air sacs
2. posterior air sacs push air into lungs
2. air leaves lungs and moves into anterior air sacs
4. anterior air sacs push air out of body
58
explain the first step of the respiratory system of mammals
Air enters nostrils
- filtered by hairs
- warmed and humidified
- sampled for odours
59
why is humidified air better than dry air for mammals
dry air is going to be pulling moisture out of our lungs and we would have to spent more ressources to replace
60
what is the pharynx
path for air and food to cross
61
what is the larynx
region where vocal cords are located
62
what is the trachea
composed of rings of cartilage that keeps it open
63
what are the branchings of the trachea branches
trachea branches split into 2 bronchi (each leading to a lung), each bronchi then branch into bronchioles and at the tips of the tiniest bronchioles there are alveoli (airs sacs where gas exchange occurs)
64
what happens during negative pressure breathing
thoracic cavity area increases
- diaphragm contracts
- rib cage expands
- lower air pressure inside lungs compared to outside
- air enter lungs
muscles relaxed for exhalation
- thoracic cavity becomes smaller
- higher pressures in lungs compare to outside
- air leaves
65
what are the 4 stages of food processing
1. ingestion
2.digestion
3. absorption
4. elimination
66
what is the difference between mechanical and chemical digestion
mechanical
- chewing
chemical
- use of enzymes for hydrolysis
67
what are the two compartments the processing of food can occur in
1. intracellular
- food vacuoles
- cell must first engulf solid food by phagocytosis
2. extracellular
- digestive organs and systems
- most animals
68
animals that doesn't have complete digestion have a digestive compartment with one opening called
gastrovascular cavity
- digestion
- distribution of nutrients throughout body
69
what are called the food storage and grinding body parts that earthworms and birds both have
crops for storage
gizzards for grinding
70
what do insects have for digestion and absorption
gastric cecae (pouches)
71
name the accessory glands in the digestive system
- 3 pairs of salivary glands
- pancreas
- liver
- gallbladder (secretes bile)
72
where does secretion of saliva for chemical digestion occur
mouth
73
what is the purpose of the epiglottis
it covers glottis to prevent food from entering larynx
74
what organ does the esophagus connects to
the stomach
75
what is the purpose of stomatch
- stores food
- starts digestion of proteins
- secretes gastric juice
76
where does most of the digestion occur in the small intestine
- in the first 25 cm, part is called duodenum
77
what organs does the large intestine include
colon, ceacum and rectum
78
why is the ceacum important
for digesting plant material
79
purpose of rectum
to store feces until elimination
80
what the main role of large intestine
to reabsorb water through the colon
81
where does most enzymatic hydrolysis occur
in the small intestine
82
what are some examples of phylum that diffuses substances to their cells because of their very thin cell layer
cnidaria and platyhelminthes
83
what are the three components to a circulatory system
1. circulatory fluid
2. interconnecting vessels
3. muscular pump (eg. heart)
84
what is the circulatory fluid confined to vessels in a closed circulatory system called
blood
85
what is the meaning of single circuit in a heart
the blood passes through heart only once in each complete circuit
86
what are the two disadvantages of 2 chambered heart
1. unstable blood pressure in rest of the body as blood passes through gill capillaries
2. heart relies on deoxygenated blood
87
what is the advantage of a 2 chambered heart
the metabolic needs are not high
88
what is the meaning of double circuit in hearts
- there is separation between oxygenated and non oxygenated blood
- blood passes through the heart twice per cycle
89
what type of circulatory system do fishes have
- single circuit
- 2 chambers
90
what type of circulatory system do amphibians & reptiles have
- double circuit
- 3 chambers
91
what type of circulatory system do birds & mammals have
- double circuit
- 4 chambers
92
why are respiratory surfaces large and thin
- to maximize surface area (large)
- and to minimize distance (thin)
93
how do earthworms and amphibians breathe
through their skin
94
what class of animals use positive pressure breathing
amphibians
95
what class of animals does not mix oxygen rich and oxygen poor air to breathe
birds
96
what class of animals mix oxygen rich and oxygen poor air together to breathe
mammals
97
what is the purpose of alveoli
air sacs responsible for gas exchange
98
define ectotherm
"cold-blooded" animals that require external sources such as sunlight to regulate internal temperature
99
why do reptile eggs have leathery shell and bird eggs have calcareous shell
to prevent desiccation (drying)
100
purpose of feathers
- flying
- insulation
- mating
made out of keratin
101
are birds endotherm or ectotherm, what is endotherm
endotherm, meaning they use their own metabolic heat to maintain body temperature
102
what are the three different lineages of mammals
1. monotremes
- lay eggs
- no nipple
2. marsupials
- complete development in pouch
- nipples
3. eutherians
- embryonic development completed in uterus
- more complex placenta
