Chapter 33 (alt. deck) Flashcards
(118 cards)
1
Q
invertebrates
A
Animals that lack backbone
2
Q
What percentage of animal species are accounted for by invertebrates?
A
95%
3
Q
Invertebrate feeding strategies (4)
A
1) filter feeder
2) mass feeder
3) deposit feeder
4) fluid feeder
4
Q
Characteristics of Phylum Porifera (5)
A
1) bear pores
2) lack tissues
3) multicellular
4) asymmetrical
5) Adults are sessile, larvae are free-swimming
ex: sponges
5
Q
Spongocoel
A
cavity that water is drawn into during filter feeding in sponges
6
Q
Osculum
A
main opening at the aboral end in sponges
7
Q
ostium
A
an opening into a vessel or body cavity
8
Q
Cells that create the opening in the sponge
A
porocytes
9
Q
Coelom
A
body cavity
10
Q
Sponge cells (2)
A
Choanocytes and Amoebocytes
11
Q
Choanocytes (3)
A
1) Flagellated collar cells
2) generate a water current through the sponge
3) ingest suspended food
12
Q
Amoebocytes (4)
A
1) totipotent cells
2) found in mesohyl
3) absorb food from choanocytes, digest it, and carry to other cells
4) move by pseudopodia in the mesohyl
13
Q
Noncellular mesohyl layer (sponges)
A
gelatinous layer between two cell layers in sponges
14
Q
Choano
A
Funnel
15
Q
Spicules
A
Structural support; mesohyl
16
Q
Sponge Reproduction types
A
Sexual and Asexual
17
Q
Sponge Sexual Reproduction (4)
A
1) hermaphrodites produce egg and sperm
2) Gametes are derived from amoebocytes or choanocytes
3) Fertilization occurs in mesohyl
4) Larvae exits through osculum
18
Q
Sponge asexual reproduction
A
Fragmentation; fragment or bud detaches and forms new sponge
19
Q
Sequential hermaphroditism
A
Sponge first functions as one sex then switches to the other
20
Q
Phylum Cnidaria Characteristics (6)
A
1) Diploblastic
2) Radial Symmetry
3) Gastrovascular cavity (incomplete gut)
4) Single opening for mouth and anus
5) nerve cells arranged in nerve net
6) carnivorous
21
Q
gastrovascular cavity
A
Extracellular digestion; incomplete gut
22
Q
Sessile
A
Stuck to one place; attached to a substrate
23
Q
Polyp
A
A small growth with a stalk
24
Q
Motile
A
Moving or movable
25
Two variations on the body plan of Cnidarians
1) Sessile polyp
2) motile medusa
26
Sessile polyp
tubular body with tentacles surrounding opening
27
Motile medusa
umbrella-shaped body with a mouth on the underside surrounded by tentacles
28
Nematocysts
specialized cells in cnidarians used for self defense or hunting prey; some sticky while others sting
29
cnidocil
hairlike trigger for nematocysts in cnidarians
30
Movements in cnidarians are coordinated by
noncentralized nerve net
31
Hydro
water
32
Classes of Phylum Cnidaria (3)
1) Hydrozoa (hydra, lobelia)
2) Scyphozoa (jelly fish)
3) Anthozoa (Sea anemone, coral)
33
Scyph
cup or can
34
Anth
Flower
35
Corals often form _________ ___________ with algae
Symbiotic relationships
36
Diploblastic Phylums (2)
1) Cnidaria
2) Ctenophora
37
Cubazoans characteristics (3)
1) fully functional eyes
2) separate sexes
3) fertilization occurs in females
Ex. box jellies
38
Cteno
Comb
39
Phora
bearer
40
Phylum Ctenophora Ex.
comb jellies
41
Phylum Ctenophora Characteristics (5)
1) 2 long tentacles without stinging cells
2) complete gut (mouth and anus)
3) Colloblasts secrete sticky substance
4) Hermaphroditic
5) Bioluminescent
42
Ctenophores posses a sensory organ that contain _______ ________ that settle to the low point and acts as orientation cue
calcareous particles
43
collo
glue
44
platy
flat
45
helminth
parasitic worm
46
Acoelomate phylums (2)
1) Platyhelminthes
2) Nemertea
47
Phylum Platyhelminthes characteristics (10)
1) Acoelomates
2) lack a specialized respiratory or circulatory system to transport gases
3) Respire by diffusion
4) Bilaterally symmetrical with a head
5) Triploblastic
6) incomplete digestive system
7) light sensitive eyespots
8) centralized nervous system
9) sexual or asexual reproduction
10) distinct excretory system
48
Nephridia
nephrons; kidneys
49
Classes of Phylum Platyhelminthes (4)
1) Turbellaria (Planarians)
2) Monogenean (Flukes (fish))
3) Trematoda (Flukes (parasites))
4) Cestoda (Tapeworms)
50
ocelli
simple eye; eye spot
51
Class Turbellaria characteristics (4)
1) live in fresh water
2) prey on smaller animals
3) ocelli and centralized nerved nets
4) reproduce sexually or asexually (fission)
52
Class Trematoda Characteristics (2)
1) parasitize a wide range of hosts
2) produce surface proteins that mimic their host; can manipulate host's immune system
53
Class Cestoda Characteristics (9)
1) parasitic worms
2) Head called scolex, contain suckers
3) attach to intestinal walls of host
4) absorb food not digested
5) Don't kill host, cause it to lose weight
6) divided into sections called proglottids; contain male and female reproductive organs
7) fertilization occurs within proglottids
8) contains hundreds of thousands of eggs
9) larvae can be ingested by animals or humans through food or water
54
Phylum Nemertea Characteristics (5)
1) mostly marine
2) range from less than 1 mm to more than 30 m
3) active swimmers or sand burrowers
4) simple circulatory system (no heart)
5) complete digestive tract
55
Phylum Nemertea ex.
Proboscis worms
56
Pseudocoleomate Phyla (2)
1) Rotifera (Rotifers)
2) Nematoda (Ascaris, Trichinellea)
57
Phylum Rotifera characteristics (5)
1) tiny animals
2) inhabit freshwater, marine, damp soil
3) smaller than protists, but are multicellular and have specialized organ systems
4) complete digestive tract
5) parthenogenesis reproduction
58
Parthenogenesis
virgin birth/reproduction
59
diploid eggs of Rotifers
turn into females
60
haploid eggs of Rotifera
become degenerate males that live long enough to produce sperm
61
alimentary canal
digestive tube in rotifers with a separate mouth and anus that lies within a fluid-filled pseudocoelom
62
Phylum Nematoda characteristics (4)
1) found in aquatic habitats, soil, plant tissues, body fluids and tissues of animals
2) have alimentary canal, lack circulatory system
3) body wall muscles are longitudinal
4) can be parasites or free-living
63
Coelomate subcategories (3)
1) Protostomes
2) Deuterostomes
3) Lophophorates
64
Lophophorates characteristics (2)
1) possess a lophophore
2) true coelom
65
lophophore
ciliary feeding device that also functions in respiration
66
Phylum Phoronida characteristics (3)
1) elongated, tube-dwelling marine worms
2) 15 different species
3) secrete tube often buried in ground so only lophophore sticks out
ex. Phoronids
67
Phylum Bryozoa characteristics (4)
1) small colonial animals
2) look like plants
3) 4,000 species
4) Animal secretes and lives inside zoecium
ex. bryozoans
68
Lophophorate Phyla (3)
1) Phoronida (phoronids)
2) Bryozoa (bryozoans)
3) Brachiopoda (lamp shells)
69
phylum brachiopoda characteristics (3)
1) marine with 2 shells
2) Dorsal and ventral valve
3) 300 living spiecies
ex. lamp shells
70
Protostome phyla (3)
1) Mollusca
2) Annelida
3) Arthropoda
71
Phylum Mollusca characteristics (10)
1) soft body
2) protective external shell
3) foot, visceral mass, mantle
4) open circulatory system
5) Metanepheridia (excretory organ)
6) radula (tongue-like organ)
7) coelom confined to small area around the heart
8) separate sexes
9) external fertilization
10) larval stage called trochophore
72
Radula
unique tongue-like organ
73
Radere
to scrape
74
Classes of Phylum Mollusca (4)
1) polyplacophora (chitons)
2) Gastropoda (snails and slugs)
3) Bivalvia (clams, oysters)
4) Cephalopoda (squid, octopus)
75
Class polyplacophora characteristics (2)
1) 8 dorsal plates
2) foot acts as suction cup, nearly impossible to prey off rocks
76
poly
many
77
placo
plate
78
phora
bearer
79
Class Gastropoda characteristics (6)
1) largest Mollusca class
2) shells can be reduced or lost
3) most live marine or freshwater, terrestrial
4) eyes at the tips of tentacles
5) move by rippling motion of elongated foot
6) Terrestrial snails lack gills, use vascular mantle cavity for gas exchange
80
Gastro
Stomach
81
Pod
foot
82
Class Bivalve Characteristics (8)
1) Shells divided into two halves
2) adductor muscles keeps two halves tightly together
3) no head
4) gills for feeding and gas exchange
5) trap food particles in the mucus of gills
6) cilia moves food into the mouth
7) open circulatory system
8) complete digestive tract
83
Class Cephalopoda characteristics (7)
1) most morphologically complex class of Mollusca
2) beaklike jaw
3) ability to change color
4) circulatory system
5) well developed brain and nervous system
6) ability to learn
7) well developed sense organs
84
Classes of Phylum Annelida (2)
1) Clittelata (earth worms)
2) Polychaeta (Polychaetes)
85
Phylum Annelida Characteristics (7)
1) Rings are distinct segments, separated by septum
2) Coelom acts as hydrostatic skeleton
3) Movement - circular and longitudinal muscles
4) double transport system
5) complete digestive system, unsegmented
6) Sexual or asexual reproduction
7) all except leeches have setae on each segment
86
Class Polychaeta characteristics (6)
1) Segment has ridgelike structures called parapodia
2) parapodia functions as gills for gas exchange
3) parapodia used for locomotion
4) each parapodium has several setae
5) setae provide traction when crawling
6) many live in tubes, made out of mucus, sand, broken shell
87
Setae
bristle
88
class clittelata characteristics (3)
1) Conditions soil through castings
2) Eats its way through the soil
3) nutrients extracted
89
Subphyla for phylum arthropoda (4)
1) Chelicerata
2) Crustacea
3) Myriapoda
4) Hexapoda
90
Classes of subphylum Chelicerata (1)
Arachnida (spiders)
91
Classes of subphylum crustacea (3)
1) Branchiopoda (Brine shrimp)
2) Malacostraca (Lobsters, crabs)
3) Maxillopoda (copepods)
92
Phylum Arthropoda Characteristics (7)
1) 75% of all described living species
2) Exoskeleton made of chitin and protein
3) segmented bodies
4) Extensive cephalization
5) open circulatory system
6) complex digestive system
7) gas exchange through gills, tracheal system
93
Tagmata
fused body segments
94
Ommatidia
Compound eyes
95
Site of excretion in Arthropods
metanephridia or Malpighian tubes
96
Subphylum Chelicerata characteristics (2)
1) 2 tagmata - cephalothorax, abdomen
2) 4 pairs walking legs, pedipalps, chelicerae
97
Classes of Subphylum Myriapoda (4)
1) Diplopoda (millipedes)
2) Chilopoda (centipedes)
3) Pauropoda
4) Symphyla (garden centipede)
98
Class Diplopoda characteristics (2)
1) 2 pairs of legs per segment
2) herbivorous
99
Class Chilopoda characteristics (3)
1) 1 pair of legs per segment
2) carnivorous
3) poisonous claws
100
Subphylum Hexapoda Characteristics (5)
1) Separate sexes
2) internal fertilization
3) Antennae for smelling
4) Metamorphosis (complete and incomplete)
5) more species of insects than all other animal species combined
101
Complete metamorphosis (2)
1) 4 stages
2) adult and larval stages very different
102
Incomplete metamorphosis (2)
1) 3 stages
2) young resembling miniature adults
103
Subphylum crustacea characteristics (3)
1) Swimmerets
2) Cuticle covering head extends over cephalothorax
3) Metanephridia (excretory organ)
104
Classes of Subphylum Hexapoda (1)
1) Insecta (Insects)
105
Deuterostome phyla (2)
1) Echinodermata
2) Cordata
106
Phylum Echinodermata characteristics (12)
1) spiny skin
2) modified radial symmetry (5 parts)
3) Larvae have bilateral symmetry
4) cephalization absent
5) no brain (simple nervous system)
6) water vascular system
7) no excretory organs
8) complete digestive system
9) autotomy - regenerative body parts
10) Tube feet functions in movement, gas exchange, feeding
11) sexual reproduction
12) External fertilization
107
Classes of Phylum Echinodermata (5)
1) Asteroidea (sea stars)
2) Ophiuroidea (Brittle stars)
3) Echinodea (sea urchins)
4) Crinoidea (Sea Lillies)
5) Holothuroidea (sea cucumber)
108
Auto
Self
109
tomy
cutting
110
class Asteroidea characteristics (3)
1) Regenerate lost arm
2) feed on bivalves, use tube feet to prey open
3) external digestion with digestive enzymes
111
Aster
Star
112
ophis
snake
113
Class echinodea characteristics (2)
1) spiny
2) no arms, five rows of tube feet
114
Erchin
spiny
115
Class Crinoidea characteristics (1)
1) use arms in suspension feeding
116
krinon
lily
117
class holothyroidea characteristics (3)
1) reduced endoskeleton, distinct from other echinoderms
2) 5 rows of tube feet, some function as feeding tentacles
3) breath through anus
118
Holo
whole/entire
