Chapter 34 (alt. deck)

Question 1

Four Key Characteristics of Chordates

Answer 1

1) Notochord
2) Dorsal, hollow nerve cord
3) Pharyngeal slits or clefts
4) Muscular, post-anal tail

Question 2

Notochord characteristics (5)

Answer 2

1) longitudinal
2) flexible
3) between the digestive tube and nerve cord
4) provides skeletal support throughout most of the length of a chordate
5) most adults only contain remnants of the embryonic notochord

Question 3

Dorsal, Hollow Nerve cord characteristics (2)

Answer 3

1) develops from a plate of ectoderm that rolls into a tube dorsal to the notochord
2) develops into the central nervous system: brain and spinal cord

Question 4

Pharyngeal slits or clefts characteristics (5)

Answer 4

1) grooves form along the outer surface of the pharynx called pharyngeal clefts
2) grooves develop into pharyngeal slits that open to the outside of the body
3) slits aid in suspension-feeding structures in invertebrate chordates
4) slits aid in gas exchange in vertebrates (excluding tetrapods)
5) in tetrapods, it develops parts of the ear, head, and neck

Question 5

Muscular, post-anal tail characteristics (4)

Answer 5

1) tail posterior to anus
2) tail is greatly reduced during embryonic development in most species
3) contains skeletal elements and muscles
4) provides propelling force in many aquatic species

Question 6

Phylum Chordata subphylum (3)

Answer 6

1) Cephalochordata (Lancelets)
2) Urochordata (tunicates)
3) Vertebrata

Question 7

Subphylum cephalochordata characteristics (4)

Answer 7

1) all marine filter feeders
2) gas exchange across body surface
3) usually sessile but can leave burrow and swim
4) most suspension feeders

Question 8

Lancelets

Answer 8

blade-like shape, example of cephalochordata

Question 9

Subphylum Urochordata characteristics (10)

Answer 9

1) adults sessile with only pharyngeal slits
2) larvae are tadpole-like exhibiting all 4 hallmarks
3) filter feeders with incurrent and excurrent siphon
4) most resemble chordates during their larval stage, which may last only a few minutes
5) complete digestive tract
6) open circulatory system
7) whole animal enclosed in tunic
8) rudimentary circulatory system
9) simple nervous system
10) mostly hermaphroditic

Question 10

Subphylum Vertebrata characteristics (8)

Answer 10

1) two or more sets of Hox genes
2) vertebrae that enclose the spinal cord have taken over the mechanical roles of the notochord
3) have a neural crest
4) neural crest gives rise to anatomical structures unique to vertebrates
5) endoskeleton of cartilage or bone
6) 2 pairs of appendages
7) Liver
8) complex heart, kidney, endocrine system

Question 11

neural crest

Answer 11

cells that appear along the edges of the closing neural tube of an embryo

Question 12

Classes of subphylum vertebrata (10)

Answer 12

1)Petromyzontida (lamprey)
2) Myxini (hagfish)
3) Chondrichthyes (sharks, rays)
4) Actinopterygii (Ray-finned)
5) Actinistia (Lobe-finned)
6) Dipnoi (lungfish)
7) Amphibia (frogs)
8) Reptilia (lizards)
9) Aves (birds)
10) Mammalia (humans)

Question 13

Class Petromyzontida characteristics (5)

Answer 13

1) jawless vertebrates
2) marine, freshwater
3) some are parasites, feed by clamping their mouths onto a live fish
4) free-living species feed as larvae for several years, then mature, reproduce, and die within a few days
5) notochord and cartilaginous skeleton

Question 14

Class myxini characteristics (8)

Answer 14

1) jawless vertebrates
2) cartilaginous skull
3) reduced vertebrae
4) flexible rod of cartilage derived from the notochord
5) small brain, eyes, ears, nasal opening
6) tooth-like formations in their mouths
7) marine, mostly bottom dwelling scavengers
8) produce slime to repel competitors and predators

Question 15

Class chondricthyes characteristics (2)

Answer 15

1) cartilaginous fish
2) skeleton composed of flexible cartilage

Question 16

Sharks characteristics (8)

Answer 16

1) mostly carnivorous, largest sharks are suspension feeders
2) short digestive tract with spiral valve
3) Acute senses including sight, smell, ability to detect electrical fields from nearby animals
4) internal fertilization
5) embryos either develop oviparous, ovoviviparous, or viviparous
6) reproductive tract, excretory system, and digestive tract empty into cloaca
7) 2 chambered heart - single circulation
8) lateral line - pressure wave detection

Question 17

spiral valve

Answer 17

part of the digestive tract in sharks that increases surface area and slows down the passage of food

Question 18

cloaca

Answer 18

a common chamber with opening to the outside in sharks

Question 19

oviparous

Answer 19

eggs hatch outside the mothers body

Question 20

ovoviviparous

Answer 20

eggs are retained within the oviduct, young are born after hatching within the uterus

Question 21

viviparous

Answer 21

the embryo develops within the uterus and is nourished from the mothers blood through a yolk sac placenta

Question 22

rays characteristics (4)

Answer 22

1) mostly bottom dwellers
2) feed on mollusks and crustaceans
3) flattened and have enlarged pectoral fins that function like water wings
4) many have whiplike tails, some venomous for defense

Question 23

Bony fish (classes actinopterygii, actinistia, dipnoi) characteristics (5)

Answer 23

1) breath by drawing water over gills protected by operculum
2) control buoyancy with swim bladder
3) skin secretes mucus, covered by flattened, bony scales in most fish
4) lateral line system
5) mostly oviparous, some have internal fertilization and birthing

Question 24

Bony fish classes (3)

Answer 24

1) Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish)
2) Actinistia (lobe-finned fish)
3) Dipnoi (lungfish)

Question 25

Class Actinopterygii characteristics (2)

Answer 25

1) fins supported by long, flexible rays 2) fins are modified for maneuvering, defense, other functions

Question 26

Class Actinistia characteristics (3)

Answer 26

1) coelacanths 2) special joint in skull gives powerful bite 3) swim bladder filled with oil rather than gas, still used for buoyancy

Question 27

Class dipnoi characteristics (4)

Answer 27

1) live in oxygen-poor freshwater 2) both gills and lungs 3) will suffocate if unable to breath/gulp air 4) can aestivate in mud

Question 28

Tetrapods characteristics (5)

Answer 28

1) four limbs and feet with digits 2) neck, allows for separate movement of the head 3) fusion of the pelvic girdle to the backbone 4) absence of gills (except some aquatic species) 5) ears for detecting airborne sounds

Question 29

class amphibia characteristics (8)

Answer 29

1) 3 orders (Caudata, Anura, Gymnophiona) 2) must reproduce in water 3) buccal pumping to force air into lungs 4) skin can absorb oxygen 5) 3 chambered heart 6) external fertilization 7) larval stages aquatic 8) metamorphosis regulated by thyroid hormones 9) all three types of birth

Question 30

Order Caudata characteristics (2)

Answer 30

1) amphibians with tails 2) some aquatic, others live on land as adults throughout life ex. salamanders

Question 31

Paedomorphosis

Answer 31

alternative process to metamorphosis in which adults retain larval traits at the adult stage

Question 32

paedo

Answer 32

child

Question 33

sis

Answer 33

state of

Question 34

Order Anuran characteristics (3)

Answer 34

1) lack tails 2) powerful hind legs for locomotion on land 3) carnivorous adults, herbivorous larva ex. frogs

Question 35

toads

Answer 35

frogs with leathery skin

Question 36

order gymnophiona characteristics (4)

Answer 36

1) legless 2) nearly blind 3) resemble earthworms 4) uterine milk nourishes young inside mothers body ex. caecilians

Question 37

amphi

Answer 37

both

Question 38

amphibian

Answer 38

both ways of life, referring to aquatic larva and terrestrial adult

Question 39

amphibian characteristics (6)

Answer 39

1) mostly found in damp habitats 2) can be strictly aquatic or terrestrial, but mostly both 3) moist skin that complements the lungs in gas exchange 4) external fertilization 5) eggs require moist environment 6) some species, males or females carry the eggs on their back, mouth, or stomach

Question 40

Amniotes

Answer 40

tetrapods who's living members are the reptiles, including birds and mammals

Question 41

Amniotes characteristics (6)

Answer 41

1) 4 extra embryonic membranes: amnion, yolk sac, allantois, chorion 2) amniotic eggs of most reptiles and some mammals have a shell 3) relatively impermeable skin 4) ability to use rib cage to ventilate the lungs 5) water conserving kidneys 6) thoracic breathing

Question 42

thoracic breathing

Answer 42

negative pressure sucks air in

Question 43

amnion (extraembryonic membrane)

Answer 43

protects embryo in amniotic cavity

Question 44

yolk sac (extra embryonic membrane)

Answer 44

yolk

Question 45

allantois (extra embryonic membrane)

Answer 45

disposal of wastes

Question 46

Chorion (extra embryonic membrane)

Answer 46

with allantois for gas exchange

Question 47

Class Reptilia characteristics (6)

Answer 47

1) scales that create waterproof barrier 2) lay shelled eggs on land 3) internal fertilization, before egg is secreted 4) ectothermic 5) regulate their body temp through behavioral adaptations 6) reptile clade includes tuataras, lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodilians, some extinct groups

Question 48

Ectothermic

Answer 48

absorbing external heat as main source of body heat

Question 49

Class Reptilia orders (4)

Answer 49

1) Rhynocheocephalia (tuataras) 2) Squamata (lizards and snakes) 3) Chelonia (turtles, tortoises, terrapins) 4) crocodilia (alligators and crocodiles)

Question 50

Order Rhynocheocephalia characteristics (6)

Answer 50

1) restricted to small islands off the coast of New Zealand 2) threatened by introduced rats, which consume their eggs 3) two species 4) no external ears like lizards 5) active at cooler temps 6) beak/snout head

Question 51

Order Squamata characteristics (7)

Answer 51

1) lizards range from 16mm to 3 m 2) lizards have moveable eyelids 3) lizards have external ears 4) snakes have kinetic skull with extremely mobile joints 5) snakes have chemical sensors 6) snakes have heat-detecting organs 7) snakes have venom (some species)

Question 52

Order Chelonia characteristics (4)

Answer 52

1) lack holes in the skull behind eye socket 2) hard protective shell 3) vertebrae and ribs fused to shell 4) lack teeth but have sharp beak

Question 53

Order crocodilia characteristics (4)

Answer 53

1) Restricted to warm regions 2) 4 chambered heart 3) teeth in sockets 4) care for young

Question 54

Class Aves characteristics (14)

Answer 54

1) Feathers - keep warm, enable flight 2) air sacs - very efficient breathing 3) reduction of organs - single ovary, no urinary bladder 4) lightweight skeleton - thin, hollow, honeycombed 5) sternum to anchor flight muscles 6) no teeth 7) internal fertilization 8) warm body temperature 9) double circulation - 4 chambered heart 10) acute vision 11) mostly carnivorous 12) Eggs brooded 13) Complex courtship 14) eggs and developing embryos inside must be kept warm through brooding by one or both parents

Question 55

Class mammalia characteristics (10)

Answer 55

1) mammary glands, produce milk 2) hair 3) fat layer under skin for insulation 4) kidneys, conserve water from wastes 5) Endothermy 6) high metabolic rate 7) efficient respiratory and circulatory systems 8) large brain-to-body size ratio 9) extensive parental care 10) differentiated teeth

Question 56

Mammalia subclasses (2)

Answer 56

1) Prototheria 2) Theria

Question 57

Subclass theria clades (2)

Answer 57

1) Metatheria 2) Eutheria

Question 58

Subclass prototheria orders (1)

Answer 58

1) Monotremata (platypus)

Question 59

Clade metatheria orders (1)

Answer 59

1) Diprotodontia (kangaroos)

Question 60

Clade Eutheria orders (12)

Answer 60

1) Eulipotyphla (Shrews, moles) 2) Chiroptera (Bats) 3) Pilosa (sloth, anteaters) 4) Rodentia (mice, squirrels) 5) Lagomorpha (rabbits, hares) 6) Carnivora (cats, dogs, bears) 7) Cetacea (whales, dolphins) 8) Sirenia (manatee) 9) Artiodactyle (cattle, sheep) 10) Perissodactyla (Horses, Zebras) 11) Proboscidea (elephants) 12) Primates (lemurs, apes)

Question 61

Subclass prototheria characteristics (3)

Answer 61

1) small group of egg laying mammals consisting of echidnas and the platypus 2) females lack nipples 3) secrete milk from glands on their bellies, baby suck milk from fur

Question 62

Clade Metatheria characteristics (6)

Answer 62

1) marsupials 2) include opossums, kangaroos, koalas 3) embryo develops within the mothers uterus 4) embryo nourished by placenta 5) marsupial born very early in its development 6) completes development while nursing in a maternal pouch called marsupium

Question 63

Clade Eutheria Characteristics (5)

Answer 63

1) placental mammals 2) long-lived complex placenta 3) prolonged gestation 4) eutherians have more complex placenta 5) young eutherians complete their embryonic development within a uterus, joined to the mother by placenta