Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BI158 > Chapter 34.1 > Flashcards

Chapter 34.1 Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of symmetry are chordates?

A

Bilateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What clades are found in phylum Chordata? (2)

A

Vertebrates

Deuterostomia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How do vertebrates and chordates correlate?

A

All vertebrates are chordates, but not all chordates are vertebrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is found in clade Deuterostomia?

A

Cephalochordates and urochordates- invertebrates more closely related to vertebrates than other invertebrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are 4 derived characters of chordates, and how are they maintained throughout their life?

A

Notochord

Dorsal, hollow nerve cord

Pharyngeal slits/ clefts

Muscular, post-anal tail

Some lost after embryonic
development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the notochord, where is it found, and what is it composed of?

A

Skeletal structure of a Longitudinal, flexible rod

Found between the digestive tube and the nerve cord

Composed of large, fluid-filled cells encased in stiff, fibrous tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does the notochord provide? (2)

A

Provides skeletal support

Provides firm, flexible structure which muscles can work during swimming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does the notochord develop into in most vertebrates, and in humans>

A

In most vertebrate, a more complex, jointed skeleton develops around the notochord

Humans notochord is reduced and forms parts of the fisks sandwiched between the vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does the dorsal, hollow nerve cord develop from, where is it found, and what does it develop into>

A

Develops from a plate of ectoderm that rolls into a tube

Located dorsal to the notochord

Develops into central nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

region posterior to the mouth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the pharyngeal cleft, and what does it develop into?

A

Series of arches separated by grooves from on the outer surface of the pharynx

Develops into slits that open into the pharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the function of the pharyngeal slits (2), and what does it develop into (2)?

A

allows water entering the mouth to exit the body without passing through the entire digestive tract

Functions as suspension-feeding devices in invertebrate chordates

Vertebrates- modified into gills

Tetrapods- do not develop into slits, but develop into ear and parts of head and neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where is the tail found, what does it contain, and what does it allow?

A

Tail extending posterior to the anus

Contains skeletal elements and muscle

Helps propel aquatic species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How do nonchordate tails differ?

A

digestive tract extends nearly the whole length of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the basal living chordate species?

A

lancelet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What shape are lancelet, and how is the derived characters maintained?

A

Bladelike shape

Larvae develops all four derived characteristics

Adults retain key chordate traits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What do lancelet larvae feed on?

A

Feeds on plankton by rising and sinking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where are adult lancelet found, how do they feed, how do they move, and how do their muscles develop?

A

Found on sea floor, with only anterior exposed

Draws in water using celia, and pharyngeal slits traps food

Chevrons-rows of muscle contractions&raquo_space;> to swim

Develops from somites- blocks of mesoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are tunicates related to, and when are the derived traits found?

A

Closely related to chordates than lancelets

Derived traits apparent in larval stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How do tunicates swim, and how does it develop into an adult (3)?

A

Tail and notochord used to swim during larval form

Looks for a substrate to settle on

Undergoes metamorphosis after settling, losing many chordate traits

Tail, notochord, and nervous system degenerates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How do adult tunicates feed (3)?

A

draws in water using a siphon

Water passes trough pharyngeal slit into the atrium and exits through another siphon

Food particles are trapped by cilia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What did ancestral chordates look like (2)?

A

Ancestral chordate may have look like lancelets

Anterior end with a mouth, a notochord, a dorsal, hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, post-anal tail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What was the structure of early vertebrate brains, and how do we know>?

A

Vertebrate brain- elaboration of ancestral structure similar to lancelet’s brain

Same hox genes found in regions of a simple lancelet’s brain as hox genes for brain of vertebrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How do we know genes in early vertebrate are unique to bertebrates? (2)

A

Tunicates possess genes associated with vertebrate organs

Absent in nonchordate invertebrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are characteristics of vertebrates (3), and what did they rise from?

A

Possess a skeletal system,

complex nervous system

efficient in capturing food and avoiding predation

chordates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How many sets of hox genes do vertebrates have, how did they arise?

A

Possess two or more sets of Hox genes

Through gene duplication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What genes were duplicated in vertebrates, and what did them allow>

A

Genes that produce transcription factors and signal molecules has been duplicated

Increasing gene complexity associated with vertebrate nervous syste and skeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the vertebrae, and how do they differ in species?

A

enclose the spinal cord and taken over roles of the notochord

Some species have a reduced vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What evolved in aqautic vertebrae?

A

Dorsal, ventral, and anal fins evolved in aquatic vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How are fins supported, stiffened, and what do they provide?

A

Stiffened by fin rays

Provides thrust and steering control

Supported by efficient gills

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the only living vertebrates that lack jaws>

A

hagfish and lampreys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What clade do hagfish and lampreys form, and two traits they share?

A

Form a clade cyclostomes- living jawless vertebrates

Do not have a backbone

Notochord persists into adult hood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

How does the notochord and vertebrae differ in lampreys and hagfish?

A

Lampreys have a sheath around the notochord

Lamprey- Possess a rudimentary vertebrae made of cartilage

Hagfish- high reduced cartilage vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Where are hagfish found, what are their bones made of, and how do they swim?

A

marine

Skull and vertebrae made of cartilage

Swim like a snake using muscles against their notochord

35
Q

What is connected to the pharynx in hagfish, what do they feed on, and how do they defend theirself?

A

Small brain, eyes, ears, and nasal opening connecting with the pharynx

Bottom feeding scavengers- Feed on worms or dead fish

Slime glands used to repel other scavengers and predators

36
Q

How do lampreys feed, where are they found, and what is unique about their cartilage?

A

Marine and freshwater

parasites that Use rasping mouth and tongue to penetrate skin of fish and ingest blood

cortilage contains no collagen

37
Q

Where are lamprey larvae found, how do they feed, what do they do after maturing, and a unique characteristic of some of their larvae?

A

found in freshwater streams

Suspension feeders

Some species feed only as larvae

Migrate to sea after maturing

38
Q

What is Haikouelia, how did they feed, and what is their body structure (2), and how did their physical characteristics emerge?

A

most primitive chordate fossils during the Cambrain explosion

Suspension feeder

Well-formed brain, small eyes, and muscle segment along the body- similar to vertebrate fish

No skull, ear organs- unlike vertebrates

Characters emerged as chordate nervous system complexified

39
Q

What is the myllokunmingia, what is seen, body structure (2), and what did their head enable?

A

first chordate to have a head

Early signs of skull seen

invertebrate

Have ear capsules and eye capsules

Head enabled chordates to coordinate more complex movement and feeding behaviors

39
Q

What are conodonts, when did they exist, 5 characteristics, and how long did they exist?

A

earliest groups of fossil vertebrate

500 million years ago

Soft-bodied, slender vertebrate

Lack jaws

Skeleton made of cartilage
Large eyes

Barbed hooks in mouth to hunt-Hardened by calcium

Abundant for 300 million years

39
Q

How did bones and teeth originate, what did it evolve from, and how did the evolution begin?

A

Developed late in history of vertebrates

Evolved from a structure of unmineralized cartilage

Mineralization initiated as chordates egan to ingest larger food

39
Q

What was duplicated in hox genes of gnathostomes, and what did it allow?

A

Entire genome itself has been duplicated
Enabled origin of jaws

39
Q

How did vertebrates evolve until the Devonian period? (5)

A

Had paired fins

Inner ear with two
semicircular canals for balance

Lacked jaws

Muscular pharynx

Amored with mineralized bone

39
Q

What are 4 derived characteristics of gnathostomes?

A

Hinged jaws used to grip and slice food

Possess additional duplication of Hox genes

Enlarged forebrain

Lateral line system

39
Q

What are gnathostomes, and what do they include?

A

Jawed vertebrates

Includes sharks, some fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals

39
Q

How did hinged jaws evolve (2)?

A

Evolved by modification of skeletal rods previously supporting the anterior pharyngeal slits

Remaining gill slists evolved to become sites of gas exchange

40
Q

What does an enlarged forebrain allow?

A

Enhanced smell and vision

41
Q

what is the lateral line system?

A

organs that form a row along each side of the body sensitive to vibrations

42
Q

What is the placoderms, when did they exist, and physical characteristics (3)

A

earleist gnathostomes

440 million

plate-skinned

paire fins and tail- easy hunting

jaws- easy grasping

43
Q

What are acanthodians?

A

emerged at the same time as placoderms, but disappeared much later

44
Q

What happened 440-420 million years ago? (2)

A

period of incredible evolutionary change

Diverged into chondrichthyans, ray-finned fishes, and lobe-fins

45
Q

What are chondrichthyans, what do they include, and two physical characteristics?

A

Sharks, ratfishess, rays, and their relative

Cartilage fish

Have skeletons composed mainly of cartilage and calcium

Also have restricted distribution of bones

46
Q

What does the restricted distribution of bones i chondrichthyans signify?

A

Signifies tha bones is a derived condition, emerging after chondrichthyans diverged from other gnathostomes

47
Q

What kind of body do sharks have, how do they feed, what kind of digestive tract do they have (2)?

A

Possess streamlined bodies

Include suspension feeders and predators

Short digestive tract

Spiral valve- a ridge in the intestine that increases surface area and prolongs passage of food through the digestive tract

48
Q

How do sharks swim (2), and what does movement provide?

A

Cannot maneuver well

Very dense, and sinks when swimming

Movement allows gas exchange to occur

49
Q

What kind of senses do sharks have (4), and how do they detect movement?

A

sharp vision

cannot see color

no eardrums

nose is only used for smelling

Have regions in head to detect electric fields generated by muscle contractions

50
Q

How do sharks reproduce? (4)

A

Egg fertilized internally

Some are oviparous- shark release fertilized eggs

Some are ovoviviparous- retains fertilized eggs, embryo hatching within the uterus

Some are viviparous- develops as an embryo and live birth

51
Q

What is the cloaca?

A

common chamber where the execretory system empties into

52
Q

How do rays feed, and where are they found?

A

Bottom-dwellers
\
Feed using jaws to crush crustaceans

53
Q

What are osteichthyans, and what do they have?

A

ray-finned and lobe-finned fish

Have ossified/bony endoskeleton with a hard matrix of calcium phosphate

54
Q

How do fish breathe (2), how do they maintain buoyancy?

A

Breathe by drawing water over gills in chambers covered by the operculum- protective bony flap

Water is drawn in through mouth, pharynx, and out the gills

Maintains buoyancy by filling swim bladder with air

Evolved from lungs of tetrapods

55
Q

What is found on the skin of fish, what does it secrete, what do fish also possess, and how do they reproduce?

A

flattened , bony scales

Secrete mucus to reduce drag

Possess lateral line system

Oviparous

56
Q

What do ray-finned fish possess, what do they include, and what do they serve as?

A

Possess bony rays supporting fins

Common fishes we see

Serve as major sources of proteins

57
Q

WHat find of fins do lobe-fins have, how common are they, and where do they live?

A

Lobe-fins in presence of rod-shaped bones surrounded by muscles in fins

Dwindled and only a few
remain today

Lived in brackish waters

58
Q

What three lineages did lobe-fins diverge into?

A

Coelecanth

lungfish

tetrapods-Adapted to land and gave rise to limbs and feet

59
Q

What are 5 derived characters of tetrapods?

A

four limbs

separate head by neck

pelvic girlde fused to backbones

most do not have gills

Ears for detecting airborne sound

60
Q

What did four limbs replace, and what does it support?

A

Replaced pectoral and pelvic fins
Supports weight on land

61
Q

What does a separate head allow?

A

independent movement of the head

62
Q

What does a fused pelvic girdle allow?

A

force generated by hind legs to be absorbed better

63
Q

What do tetrapods have instead of gills?

A

pharyngeal clefts gave rise to ears and glands

64
Q

What is Tiktaalik, physical characteristic, how did they breath, what fin pattern did they possess, and what did they prove?

A

fossil of tetrapod ancestor

Had fins, gills, lungs, and scales, neck, and shoulder

Had full set of ribs to breath air and supprot body

Front fin had same pattern of limbed animals

Proved that wrist, ribs, and necks were ancestral to tetrapod lineage

65
Q

Where were early tetrapods found?

A

tied to water

66
Q

What does amphibian refer to, and three clades?

A

Refers to life stages of many frog species

Salamanders, frogs, and caecilians

67
Q

How do aquatic and terrestrial salamanders differ?

A

Terrestrial
Side-to-side bending of the body

Aquatic
Paedomorphosis- retention of larval features even as when sexually mature
Frogs

68
Q

What are frogs suited for, two things they possess, and how do they defend theirselves?

A

movement on land

powerful hind legs

long tongue to catch prey

secrete poison from skin glands

69
Q

How do toads differ from frogs?

A

leathery skin and additional adaptations for life on land

70
Q

What are two characteristics of Caecilians, what do they resemble, and where are they found?

A

Legless- secondary adaptations

Nearly blind

Resemble earthworms

Inhibit tropical area in moist soil

71
Q

What do frog larval possess, and what occurs during metamorphosis (2)?

A

larval (tadpole) is an aquatic herbivore with gills, lateral line system, and long, finned tail

Lacks legs

Metamorphosis, develops legs, lungs, external eardrums, and digestive system for a carnivorous diet

Gills and lateral line system disappears

72
Q

How do salamander and caecilian larvae differ from frogs (2)

A

Salamanders and caecilian larvae looks more like the adult

Carnivorous

73
Q

Where are amphibians in dry found, and how do they breathe (2)?

A

Those in dry havitats spend time in high humidity places, like burrows and moist leaves

Rely on moist skin for gas exchange

Some lack lungs and breathe through skin

74
Q

How does fertilization occur in amphibians? (3)

A

External

Male grasps female and spills sperm over eggs as female sheds them

Eggs are laid in water or moist environment

75
Q

Characteristics of amphibian eggs (3)

A

Dehydrate quickly on land

Laid in large number since egg mortality is high

Some lay small numbers and is cared for

76
Q

What behaviors do frogs exhibit, and examples (2)?

A

complex and social behaviros

Frogs are usually quiet
Some can vocalize to defend or attract females

Frog migration
Cocal communication, celestial navigation, and chemical signaling

77
Q

Why are amphibians declining? 4

A

Chtytrid fungas, habitat loss, climate change, and pollution

BI158 (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions