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Chapter 34.2 Flashcards

1
Q

WHat are amniotes, and what did they acquire?

A

group of tetrapods whose extant members are reptiles and mammales

Acquired adaptation to live on land

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2
Q

What are three derived charcters of aminotes

A

amniotic egg

shell that slowly dehydrates

rig cage to ventilate lungs more efficient than throats ventilation in amphibians

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3
Q

What does the amniotic egg consist of?

A

Four specialized membranes- amnion, chorion, yolk sac, and allantois

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4
Q

Where is the membranes of the amniotic egg found, what does it develop from?

A

extraembryonic membranes- not part of the embryo itself

Develop from tissue layers and grow out from the embryo

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5
Q

What does the amnion do (2), and what what do the other membranes do

A

Amnion- encloses fluid that bathes the embryo

Acts as a hydraulic shock absorber

Other membranes act for gas exchange, nutrient storage, and waste storage

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6
Q

Why is the amniotic egg important (2)

A

Key trait for terrestrial life

Reduced dependency for an aqueous environment for reproduction

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7
Q

when did the amniotic egg evolve, how do we know this, and when did it exist

A

Don’t know when it evolved

no amniotic egg is found

Existed in last common ancestor of living amniotes

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8
Q

Where did early amniotes live, what do they resemble, and what did they eat?

A

Lived in warm, most environment

Expanded to new environment

Resembled small lizards with sharp teeth

Predators and herbivores

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9
Q

What do reptiles include, and 3 shared derived traits?

A

Tuataras, lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodilians, and birds

Scales containing keratin - Protects skin from desiccation and abrasion

Lay shelled eggs on land

Internal fertiization

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10
Q

What does ectothermic mean (2), and what does it allow?

A

do not use metabolism to control body temeperature

absorbs external heat as main source of body heat

Allows them to require less energy from food

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11
Q

Are birds cold or warm-blooded

A

warm

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12
Q

What did early reptiles resemble?

A

lizards

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13
Q

What are parareptiles, what did they look like, how did they defend theirself, and when did they die?

A

first group to emerge as reptiles diverged from the early reptile

Large, stocky, quadrupedal herbivores

Had plates on slin for defense

Died at the end of triassic period

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14
Q

What are diapsids, what is unique about their skull (2), and what two lineages are they composed of?

A

diversified as parareptiles began dying out

Pair of holes on each side of skull behind eye socket

Muscles pas through these holes and attach to the jaw

Compsoed of two lineages- lepidosaurs and archosaurs

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15
Q

WHat do lepidosaurs include?

A

tautaras, lizards, and snakes, and extinct aquatic reptiles

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16
Q

What do archosaurs include?

A

crocodilians, pterosaurs, and dinosaurs

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17
Q

What are pterosaurs, wing structure (3), size, and ecological role

A

first tetrapods to exhibit flapping flight

Wings differed from birds and bats

Collagen-strengthened membrane that stretched between trunk or hind leg

Long digit on foreleg

Ranged from a sparrow size to 11 meters

Played ecological roles of current birds

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18
Q

How did dinosaurs live (2), how did they move, and when did they die out?

A

Social, traveling in groups

Built nests and brooded eggs

Became extinct by the end of Cretaceous period

Considered slow and sluggish, but most were agile and fast- Limb structure enabled efficient movement

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19
Q

What is the phylogenetic position of turtles? (3)

A

Uncertain phylogenetic position

May be a sister groupt o parareptiles

May be sister groups to lepidosaurs or archosaurs

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20
Q

What do turtles possess (3)

A

Have boxlike shell made of upper and lower shields fused to the vertebrae, clavicles, and ribs

Have a hard shell for defense

Full shell acquired in stages

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21
Q

What did early turtles possess (2)

A

Incomplete shells

Could not retract head into shell

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22
Q

How do side-necked and vertical-necked turtles differ?

A

Side-necked turtles- fold neck horizontally

Vertical-necked turles- fold neck vertically

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23
Q

What environment do turtles enhabit, and how do marine ones differ?

A

Adapted to live in different habitats

Sea turtles have reduced shells and enlarged forelimbs

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24
Q

WHat are the two lineages of lepidosaurs?

A

Tuatara

Squamates- lizards and snakes

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25
What do tuataras feed on, and their environmental status
Feed on insects, lizards, and small bird eggs Endangered, rat ate its eggs
26
What did snakes descend from, what did they retain through evolution, and how do they move (2)?
descend from lizards with leggs Some retain vestigial pelvic and limb bones Moves using waves of lateral bending Can also move by gripping ground with belly scales
27
What snakes eat, how do they sense (5), where is venom found, and how do they eat large prey?
Carnivores Acute chemical sensors Lack eardrums Sensitive to ground bibration Can possess heat-detection organs Flicking tongue allows odors to fan towards smell organs Venom found in hollow or grooved teeth Loose jaw and elastic skin enables them to eat large prey
28
When were ancestors of crocodiles found, what did they look like, how did they evolve, and how do they breath?
Early ancestor was in the late triassic Smallt errestrial quadrupeds with long, slender legs Became larger and adapted to aquatic habitats Breath using upturned nostrils
29
Where are crocodiles now found?
Currently confined to warm regions
30
What are birds?
Archosaurs with modified anatomy for flight
31
What are derived characters of birds (6)
Adaptations that facilitate flight Weight-saving modification to make flying efficient Lack urinary blatter Females often have only one ovary Gonards are small when not in breeding season Toothless
32
What are bird feathers made of, and what shape are they, and what do they provide?
made of beta-keratin- found in reptile scales Shape and arranged to form wings into airfoils provide insulation to retain body heat
33
How do wings flap, how do bird wing flappings differ (2)?
Power for flapping wings come from pectoral muscles Some adapt to sair on air current and flap occasionally- eagles other s flap continuously- hummingbird
34
four benefits of flight
Enhances scaveging and hunting Enabled birds to feed on flying insects Provides ready escape from earthbound predators Enabled migration
35
What kind of lungs do birds have?
Tiny tubes leading to and from elastic air sac
36
What kind of heart do birds have?
four-chambered
37
What does flight require (2), and how do birds support it
acute vision and fine muscle control great energy expenditure Lungs and heart enable tissues to be well supplied with oxygen and nutrients to support a high rate of metabolism
38
What kind of vision do birds have, and what allows it?
Color vision and excellent eyesight Well-developed brain for visual and motor areas
39
What kind of behavior do birds have?
Exhibit complex behaviors during breeding season Courtship rituals
40
How do birds fertilize? (3)
Internal fertilization Copulation involves contact between openings to birds’ cloacas After eggs are laid, embryo must be kept warm through brooding
41
What are theropods? (2)
group of bipedal dinosaurs Feathered theropods evolved into birds
42
When did feathers evolve, and what did it originally function as?
Feathers evolved long before flight Functioned to insulate, camouflage, and courtship
43
What is the archaepteryx, two things it had, and how did it fly (2)
earliest known bird Feathered wings Had teeths, clawed digits in wings, and long tails Flew at high speeds Could not take off from standing position
44
What are ratites , what does it inlcude, and two characteristics
flightless birds Ostrich, rhea, kiwi, cassowary, emu Sternal keel is absent Smaller pectoral muscles
45
How do penguins differ from other ratites
it has powerful pectoral muscles to swim
46
What do beaks function as
compensate for teeth
47
What is the bird foot used for
Used to perching on branches, grasping food, defense, swimming, walking, and courtship
48
What are mammals named after, and what is found in their milk?
Named for distinctive mammary glands to produce milk Milk contains fats, sugars, proteins, minerals, and vitamins
49
What 4 things do mammals possess?
hair fat layer under skin to retain heat larger brain differentiated teeth to chew many kinds of food
50
What kind of blood is animals, and what is used to support metaobolism and lungs?
endothermic Efficient respiratory and circulatory system to support metabolism Diaphragm ventilates lungs
51
What are synapsids, 4 characteristics, hwo their jaw evolved and what did they evolve into?
group of amniotes where mammals belong to Lacked hair Sprawling gait Laid eggs single temporal fenestra Jaw was remodeled as mammalian features arose Evolved into large herbivores and carnivores
52
What is the temporal fenestra, and what do humans use it for?
Hole behind eye socket on each side of the skull Jaw muscles passes through and anchor in temple
53
When did true animals arise?
Jurassic- all small animals
54
What three lineages arose in the early cretaceous?
Monotremes- egg-laying mammals Marsupials- mammals with a pouch Eutherians- placental mammals
55
When did monotremes diverge, where is it found, what is included, and 3 characteristics
Diverged earliest Found onlt in Australis and New Guinea Platypus and echidnas Lay eggs Have hair Produce milk but lack nipples- Secreted by glands on the belly
56
What do marsupials include, 2 characteristics, and where are they found (2)
Opossums, kangaroos, and koalas Higher metabolic rates Nipples providing milk Once found in all regions After Pangaea broke up, the marsupials diversified in isolation- Bagan adaptive radiation
57
How are younf of marsupials born, where do they develop (3)?
Live birth Embryo develops in the uterus Born early in embryonic development Nursed and held in a pouch called marsupium
58
What is the placenta, and what does it arise from?
structure which nutrients diffuse into the embryo from the mother’s blood Arises from the lining of the uterus and the extraembryonic membranes
59
What are eutherians called, three characteristics, when did they diverge?
placental mammals Complex placentas Longer pregnancy than marsupials Complete embryonic development within the uterus Living eutherians diverged in a burst of evolutionary change
60
8 derived characteristics of primates
Hands and feet adapted for grasping Digits have flat nails instead of narrow claws Skin ridges on fingers Large brain Short jaws Forward-looking eyes close together Well-developed parental care Complex social behaviors
61
Where were early primates found, and how were derived characeters adapted?
Tree-dwellers Derived characters were adapted to live on trees
62
What is an opposable thumb, and what does ti allow?
ventral surface of the thumb can touch ventral surface of all four fingers Allows for a power grip
63
What are the three main groups of living primates
lemurs and lorises tarsiers anthropoids
64
What do lemurs and lorises resemble?
Resemble early arboreal primates
65
What are tarsiers related to?
Closely related to anthropoids than lemurs
66
What three groups do anthropoids include?
New and Old world monkeys, and apes
67
How do new and old world monkeys differ? (3)
Underwent separate adaptive radiations after separating to different continents New world monkeys- arboreal Old world monkeys- ground-dwelling and arboreal
68
How are new and old world monkeys similar? (2)
Both are diurnal;- active during the day Both live in groups
69
What do apes include, what did they diverge from, where are they found, and three characteristics
Divered from old world monkeys Found in tropical regions of the old world Larger than other groups Long arms, short legs, no tail Larger brain
70
What are 5 derived characteristics of humans, and how does the genome differ from chimpanzees?
Stand upright and are bipedal Larger brain Capable of language, symbolic thought, artistic expression, manufacture and use complex tools Reduced jawbones and jaw muscles Shorter digestive tract Only differ in 1% of genome from chimpanzees
71
What is paleoanthropology?
study of human origins
72
What are hominins, and when did they date?
extinct species closesly related to humans than chimpanzees Date 4-6.5 million years ago
73
What is Sahelanthropus tchadensis, and what three characters did they have?
oldest hominin Reduced canine teeth Flat faces Upright and bipedal
74
How do we know Sahelanthropus tchadensis was upright and bipedal?
Known through structure of the holes in the skull, pelvis, leg bones, and feet
75
How did most early hominins differ from humans (3)?
Smaller brains Smaller size Non-flat face
76
WHat are two misconceptions of early hominins?
Hominins are chimpanzees or evolved from chimpanzees Human evolution is a ladder, from an ancestral ape to Homo sapiens
77
What do chimps represent, and how did they acquire derived characteristics?
Chimps only represent tip fo a separate branch Acquired derived characteristics after diverging from our common ancestor
78
How do we know human evolution is not a ladder?
Several hominin species coexisted, all Differed in skull shape, body size, and diet
79
What are austrolopiths, what kind of group are they, and 7 characteristics
Hominins that increased in diversity dramatically 4-2 million years ago Paraphyletic Bipedal Human-like hands and teeth Smaller brain Shared less derived traits from the neck up Sturdy skulls Powerful jaws Large teeth for grinding and chewing
80
What is the original hypothesis of bipedalism (2)
Natural selection favored adaptations that made moving over open ground more efficient Increase are of savanna habitat and fewer trees as the climate shifted
81
What evidence goes against the original hypothesis of bipedalism (2)
bipedal hominins didn’t live in savannas Some species of hominin switched from walking to climbing
82
What is another hypothesis of bipedalism?
Began bipedal walking because it required less energy than four legs
83
What is the first accepted evidence of tool use, and when did it originate?
First accepted evidence- cut marks on animal bones suggesting cutting flesh using tools May have originated before development of large brains
84
What were 4 characteristics of early Homos?
Had derived hominin characters above the neck Shorter jaw Larger brain Use of stone tools
85
What is Homo ergaster, 4 physical characteristics, and two behavorial characteristics, and what they led to
newer species emerging Larger brain long , slender legs for long-distance walking Short and straight fingers smaller teeth Did not climb trees More sophisticated tool use Homo erectus
86
What began to decrease in Homo ergaster, and three reasions?
Different size difference between sexes decreased Less competition for multiple females Led to pair-bonding Increase care for young by both parents
87
Where and when did neanderthals live, where did they spread, a physical characteristic, and 2 behavorial characteristic?
Lived in Europe 350k years ago Spread to Asia Larger brains than current humans Buried dead Made hunting tools
88
How do neanderthals and humans correlate? (2)
Share a common ancestor with humans Humans did not descend from a common ancestor
89
WHere did Homo sapiens originate, and two physical characteristics
Originated in Africa Less pronounced browridges More slender
90
How did homo sapien lineages branch off, and where did they spread to?
African lineages branched off more basal position in the human family tree Spread to Asia, then Europe, then Australia
91
Two physical characteristics of Homo foresiensis, why those characteristics helped, and when it arose
Small brain- For less energy consumption Dwarf- Better suited for the environment they lived in arose before Homo Sapiens

BI158 (16 decks)

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