Chapter 35: plant structure, growth, and development

Question 1

Gametophyte

Answer 1

Phase where the sporophyte is produced, usually haploid

Question 2

Sporophyte

Answer 2

Asexual diploid phase in plants, dominates the life cycle in vascular plants

Question 3

Vascular plants

Answer 3

Have phloem and xylem

Question 4

Tissue

Answer 4

The thing that makes up organs, but is larger than just one cell

Question 5

Organ

Answer 5

Made up of a bunch of tissues for one specific purpose

Question 6

Epidermis

Answer 6

Outer layer of the plant in a non-woody plant

Question 7

Cuticle

Answer 7

Waxy layer outside of the plant

Question 8

Periderm

Answer 8

replaces the epidermis, thicker layer, wood

Question 9

Stele

Answer 9

All of the vascular tissue on a plant

Question 10

Apical meristem

Answer 10

Cells which form a node at the top of the terminal bud, give rise to the repetition of the nodes (responsible for primary growth)

Question 11

Lateral meristem

Answer 11

Increases thickness of the plant (responsible for secondary growth)

Question 12

Sieve tube

Answer 12

Thin tube which makes up the phloem

Question 13

Companion cell

Answer 13

Supports the sieve tube by carrying out metabolism

Question 14

Tracheid

Answer 14

Cells which make up the xylem, lack perforations in the cell wall

Question 15

Vessel element

Answer 15

The building blocks of xylem

Question 16

What is meant by the term “alternation of generations”?

Answer 16

It basically means that plants alternate between their gametophyte and sporophyte “generations” throughout their life

Question 17

What is an angiosperm?

Answer 17

A flowering plant

Question 18

What is a root? What is the difference between a tap root and a fibrous root system?

Answer 18

A root is the plant organ which plants use to actually gather their nutrients, tap roots have one larger main root with several smaller roots coming from it, where as a fibrous root system is one where all the roots are similar in girth and make one fibrous mass

Question 19

What is the function of root hairs?

Answer 19

Extend the surface that the roots can gather nutrients from

Question 20

What is an apical bud? axillary bud?

Answer 20

Apical bud: a bud at the point of the plant, which sends our signals to stop secondary growth and increase primary growth
Axillary bud: The buds which can form branches

Question 21

What is meant by the term “apical dominance”?

Answer 21

It means that the apical bud is sending signals to stop secondary growth the plant, which means it won’t grow as full

Question 22

Distinguish among simple, compound, and doubly compound leaves.

Answer 22

Simple: One blade
Compound: A single leaf is made up of multiple leaflets, we know this because of where the axillary bud is, each leaflet does not have its own axillary bud
Doubly compound: Each leaflet is made up of their own set of leaflets

Question 23

What are the three tissue types that comprise a plant?

Answer 23

Dermis: Plants outer protective covering
Vascular: phloem and xylem
Ground system tissue: The tissue which comprises the rest of the plant

Question 24

What is the function of xylem? phloem? What are the different cell types that comprise xylem and phloem? How are xylem and phloem similar? How do they differ?

Answer 24

Xylem: Moves water and minerals which have been dissolved in the water, and moves it to the top of the plant
Cell types: Water-conducting cells
Phloem: Takes sugars to the roots and places in the plant that are growing
Cell types: Sugar-conducting cells
They both move nutrients throughout the plant

Question 25

What are the three zones of cells in which root growth occurs? Which zone is primarily responsible for pushing the root tip through the soil?

Answer 25

Zone of cell division: where the cells are created the fastest, Zone of elongation: where most of the length is added to the plant, the cells gain size Zone of differentiation: where the cells get their individual jobs The zone of elongation is responsible for pushing the root tip through the soil

Question 26

What are the functions of the root cap?

Answer 26

The root cap protects the meristem

Question 27

What is the function of the stomata on a leaf?

Answer 27

Opens to allows for photosynthesis, or closes to stop water from leaking out

Question 28

What is secondary growth and what tissue(s) is (are) responsible for its production?

Answer 28

Secondary growth is when the plants increases in girth, produced by the vascular cambium and cork cambium

Question 29

Explain how the orientation of cellulose microfibrils in a plant wall can control the direction of cell expansion.

Answer 29

If the microfibrils are placed horizontally on a plant, then the plant will grow taller because it is blocked horizontally by the microfibrils, and vice versa.

Question 30

How does the ABC model of flower formation explain the formation of the four types of floral organs?

Answer 30

A genes create: Sepals (the green part outside the flower) AB genes create: Petals BC genes create: Stamens C genes create: Carpels

Question 31

Be able to account for the floral organ patterns that arise as a consequence of mutations in the floral identity genes.

Answer 31

Lack of A gene: Carpel-stamen-stamen-carpel Lack of B gene: Sepal-sepal-carpel-carpel Lack of C gene: Sepal-petal-petal-sepal