Chapter 34 vertebrates

Question 1

Lateral line

Answer 1

The system which allows certain animals (such as sharks) to detect changes in water pressure and vibration

Question 2

Convergent evolution

Answer 2

Two creatures evolving similar traits even though they are not related

Question 3

Hominin

Answer 3

Humans and all of their ancestors

Question 4

Hominid

Answer 4

All modern and extinct great apes

Question 5

What are the four anatomical structures characteristic of chordates

Answer 5

Notochord
Acts as a skeleton, flexible rod between outside and gut
Dorsal Hollow nerve cord
Becomes the nervous system
Pharyngeal slits
Used for filter feeding by adults who retain this, or becomes other specialized parts in other animals
Muscular postanal tail
It is a tail, past the anus, creatures who retain this use it for underwater movement

Question 6

What are the two chordate subphyla whose members lack backbones

Answer 6

Urochordates and cephalochordates

Question 7

What additional specializations are seen in the vertebrates?

Answer 7

Highly cephalized, really developed sense organs, very distinct brain, backbone of vertebrae that protect the spinal cord, appendicular skeleton

Question 8

Chondrichthyes

Answer 8

Cartilaginous fish

Question 9

Osteichthyes

Answer 9

Bony fish

Question 10

Actinopterygii

Answer 10

Ray finned fish (the fishiest fish)

Question 11

Sarcopterygii

Answer 11

Lobe- finned fish (pendage like placement for fins)

Question 12

Amphibia

Answer 12

Frogs, salamander, caecilians

Question 13

Reptilia

Answer 13

All reptiles, including birds

Question 14

Mammalia

Answer 14

Mammals

Question 15

The members of which vertebrate groups are considered amniotes

Answer 15

Reptiles and mammals

Question 16

Why was the development of the amniotic egg so important?

Answer 16

It allowed for vertebrates to move away from water

Question 17

What are the four living orders of reptiles?

Answer 17

Crocodilians
Lizards and snakes (squamates)
Tuatara
Turtles

Question 18

Are there really five living orders of reptiles? Explain

Answer 18

Yes there are, because birds are reptiles

Question 19

What are the main characteristics of birds?

Answer 19

Feathers, only one ovary, no bladder, honeycomb shaped bones

Question 20

What is the significance of Archaeopteryx?

Answer 20

It was the earliest bird we have ever found, 150 mya

Question 21

What are the main characteristics of the class Mammalia?

Answer 21

Hair, mammary glands, (for the most part) don’t lay eggs, child develops inside of the mother, diaphragm, larger brains, varied teeth for different purposes

Question 22

Monotremes

Answer 22

Still lay eggs
Platypus and echidnas

Question 23

Marsupials

Answer 23

Birth happens very shortly after conception, stays in mothers pouch after birth
Kangaroo, opossum, koalas, etc.

Question 24

Eutherian

Answer 24

Child fully develops inside the mother, connected to mother by placenta
Humans, tigers, elephants, etc.

Question 25

List the characteristics of primates

Answer 25

Opposable thumbs, better shoulder joints, sensitive hands with flat nails, dexterous hands, eyes close together at front of face

Question 26

What distinguishes the old world monkeys from the new world monkeys?

Answer 26

Old world: Nostrils face downward, generally live on the ground, no prehensile tail New world: Nostrils open to the side, prehensile tail, primarily lived in trees

Question 27

List the genera of apes.

Answer 27

Hylobates: gibbons Pongo: orangutans Gorilla: gorillas Pan: Chimpanzees and bonobos Homo: humans

Question 28

What is meant by the term mosaic evolution?

Answer 28

Different traits which evolved separately for different purposes in one animal

Question 29

What are two primary characteristics that distinguish humans from other primates?

Answer 29

Significantly larger brain size walking upright

Question 30

What is the significance of the Australopithecus afarensis skeleton (Lucy)?

Answer 30

It is important because it might be our common ancestor to the australopithecine

Question 31

What is the significance of Homo habilis? Homo ergaster? Homo erectus?

Answer 31

Homo habilis: they were the first to have simplified tools, and had larger brains than most primates Homo ergaster: Had short and straight fingers for less tree swinging Homo erectus: first ones to move out of Africa, taller with greater brain capacity, first ones to walk upright

Question 32

Does Homo neanderthalensis represent a stage in the evolution of Homo sapiens?

Answer 32

No, they are more like our cousins

Question 33

Where did Homo sapiens originate? How long ago?

Answer 33

We originated in Africa about 195 thousand years ago