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GenBio II > Chapter 37: Endocrine > Flashcards

Chapter 37: Endocrine Flashcards

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1
Q

adenylate cyclase

A

an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP to cyclic AMP

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2
Q

adrenal cortex

A

Has 3 zones: zona glomerulosa, fasiculata, reticularis

outer portion of adrenal glands that produces corticosteroids

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3
Q

adrenal gland

A

Pyramid shaped glands on top of kidney
Has 2 regions
Adrenal cortex (outer)
Adrenal medulla (inner)

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4
Q

adrenal medulla

A

Inner part of adrenal glands

produces epinephrine and norepinephrine

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5
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

hormone released by the anterior pituitary, which stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids

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6
Q

aldosterone

A

hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that stimulates the reabsorption of Na+

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7
Q

alpha cell

A

endocrine cell of the pancreatic islets that produces the hormone glucagon

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8
Q

amino acid-derived hormone

A

hormone derived from amino acids

Water soluble

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9
Q

androgen

A

male sex hormone such as testosterone

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10
Q

anterior pituitary

A

portion of the pituitary gland that produces six hormones; also called adenohypophysis

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11
Q

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

hormone produced by the hypothalamus
released by the posterior pituitary
increases water reabsorption

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12
Q

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

A

hormone produced by the heart to reduce blood volume, pressure, and Na+ concentration
Increases salt secretion in urine

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13
Q

beta cell

A

endocrine cell of the pancreatic islets that produces the hormone insulin

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14
Q

calcitonin

A

hormone produced by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland that functions to lower blood Ca2+ levels and promote bone growth

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15
Q

colloid

A

fluid inside the thyroid gland

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16
Q

corticosteroid

A

hormone released by the adrenal cortex in response to long-term stress

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17
Q

cortisol

A

glucocorticoid produced in response to stress

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18
Q

down-regulation

A

fewer receptors means a smaller response

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19
Q

endocrine gland

A

gland that secretes hormones into the surrounding interstitial fluid, which then diffuse into blood and are carried to various organs and tissues within the body

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20
Q

epinephrine

A

hormone released by the adrenal medulla in response to a short term stress

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21
Q

erythropoietin (EPO)

A

Peptide hormone produced by the kidneys when oxygen in blood is low
stimulates RBC production

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22
Q

estrogens

A

Female hormone
elicit secondary sex characteristics
Produced by follicular cells
control the maturation of the ova

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23
Q

first messenger

A

the hormone that binds to a plasma membrane hormone receptor to trigger a signal transduction pathway

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24
Q

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

hormone produced by the anterior pituitary that stimulates gamete production

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25
G-protein
a membrane protein activated by the hormone first messenger to activate formation of cyclic AMP
26
glucagon
hormone produced by the alpha cells of the pancreas in response to low blood sugar; functions to raise blood sugar levels
27
glucocorticoid
corticosteroid that affects glucose metabolism
28
gluconeogenesis
synthesis of glucose from amino acids
29
glycogenolysis
breakdown of glycogen into glucose
30
goiter
enlargement of the thyroid gland caused by insufficient dietary iodine levels
31
gonadotropin
hormone that regulates the gonads, including FSH and LH
32
growth hormone (GH)
hormone produced by the anterior pituitary that promotes protein synthesis and body growth
33
growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH)
hormone produced by the hypothalamus that inhibits growth hormone production, also called somatostatin
34
growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
hormone released by the hypothalamus that triggers the release of GH
35
hormonal stimuli
release of a hormone in response to another hormone
36
hormone receptor
the cellular protein that binds to a hormone
37
humoral stimuli
control of hormone release in response to changes in blood
38
hyperglycemia
high blood sugar level
39
hyperthyroidism
overactivity of the thyroid gland
40
hypoglycemia
low blood sugar level
41
hypophyseal portal system
system of blood vessels that carries hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary
42
insulin
hormone produced by the beta cells of the pancreas in response to high blood glucose levels; functions to lower blood glucose levels
43
insulin-like growth factor (IGF)
growth-promoting protein produced by the liver
44
intracellular hormone receptor
a hormone receptor in the cytoplasm or nucleus of a cell
45
islets of Langerhans (pancreatic islets)
endocrine cells of the pancreas
46
isthmus
tissue mass that connects the two lobes of the thyroid gland
47
leptin
hormone produced by adipose tissue promotes satiety and reduces hunger
48
lipid-derived hormone
hormone derived mostly from cholesterol | Fat soluble, not water soluble
49
mineralocorticoid
corticosteroid that affects ion and water balance
50
neural stimuli
stimulation of endocrine glands by the nervous system
51
norepinephrine
hormone released by the adrenal medulla in response to a short-term stress hormone production by the gonads
52
oxytocin
hormone released by the posterior pituitary to stimulate uterine contractions during childbirth and milk in mammary glands
53
pancreas
``` located behind stomach Regulates blood sugar level &digestion rate Exocrine and endocrine gland Alpha cells: produces glucagon Beta cells: produces insulin ```
54
parafollicular cell
thyroid cell that produces the hormone calcitonin
55
parathyroid gland
Located on posterior of thyroid gland Secretes parathyroid hormone - regulates blood calcium levels
56
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
hormone produced by the parathyroid glands in response to low blood Ca2+ levels; functions to raise blood Ca2+ levels
57
peptide hormone
hormone composed of a polypeptide chain Stored inn vessicles Water soluble Released via exocytosis
58
phosphodiesterase (PDE)
enzyme that deactivates cAMP, stopping hormone activity
59
pituitary gland
endocrine gland located at the base of the brain composed of an anterior and posterior region; also called hypophysis
60
pituitary stalk
(also, infundibulum) stalk that connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus
61
plasma membrane hormone receptor
a hormone receptor on the surface of the plasma membrane of a cell
62
posterior pituitary
extension of the brain that releases hormones produced by the hypothalamus; along with the infundibulum, it is also referred to as the neurohypophysis
63
prolactin (PRL)
hormone produced by the anterior pituitary that stimulates milk production
64
prolactin-inhibiting hormone
hormone produced by the hypothalamus that inhibits the release of prolactin
65
prolactin-releasing hormone
hormone produced by the hypothalamus that stimulates the release of prolactin
66
renin
enzyme produced by kidneys that causes release of aldosterone Important for blood pressure
67
thymus
Deep in the thorax Large in children small in adults Produces thymosins: develop and mature the immune response
68
thyroglobulin
glycoprotein found in the thyroid that is converted into thyroid hormone
69
thyroid gland (general)
located in anterior neck, near throat Produces thyroid hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine Largest pure endocrine gland 2 lateral lobes connected by isthmus
70
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
hormone produced by the anterior pituitary that controls the release of T3 and T4 from the thyroid gland
71
thyroxine (tetraiodothyronine, T4)
thyroid hormone containing 4 iodines that controls the basal metabolic rate
72
triiodothyronine (T3)
thyroid hormone containing 3 iodines that controls the basal metabolic rate
73
up-regulation
more receptors means a larger response
74
Types of hormones
Peptides Amines Steroids
75
Negative feedback
Stimulus: body temp rising Sensing: nerve cells and skin Controlling: sweating activated in brain Effector: sweat glands
76
Central dogma
DNA to DNA (replication, DNA Polymerase) DNA to RNA (transcription, RNA Polymerase) RNA to protein (translation, ribosome)
77
Steroids
Main class Derived from cholesterol Lipid soluble dissolve through membranes
78
Amine hormones
Derived from amino acids | Water soluble
79
Hypothalamic-pituitary axis
Connection between nervous and endocrine sys | Major regulator of most hormones
80
Pituitary gland
Located at base of the brain | Connected to hypothalamus by pituitary stalk
81
Anterior pituitary
Regulated by hormones produced in hypothalamus
82
Posterior pituitary
Hormones produced in hypothalamus are transported down axons and are released from this gland
83
adenohypophysis
anterior pituitary name Can release/inhibit hormones from hypothalamus Makes and secretes 7 diff hormones: TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, GH, PRL, MSH
84
Hypophyseal portal system
Delivers hormones to anterior pituitary | Can promote or stop release of hormones to AP
85
Neurohypophysis
posterior pituitary name Releases 2 hormones ADH: anti diuretic hormone Oxytocin: uterine contractions and milk
86
thyroid gland (structure)
Composed of spherical follicles surround colloid Follicle cells: produce t3 t4 and thyroglobulin Parafollicular cells: produce calcitonin
87
Pineal gland
Part of epithalamus Produces melatonin (induces drowsiness) Sets biological clock
88
Testes
``` Male gonads Secretes androgens Sperm maturation happens here Steroid hormone: testosterone - produced in interstitial cells ```
89
Ovaries
Female gonads | Produces estrogen and progestins
90
Progestins
Female hormone Produced by corpus luteum Prepares uterus for implantation Prepares mammary glands for secretion
91
Heart
Atria contain endocrine cells | Produces atrial natriuretic peptide hormone
92
GI Tract
Cells in here secrete hormones that promote | Digestion, hunger, and satiety
93
Calcitrol
Produced by the kidneys Steroid hormone in form of Vitamin D Stimulates calcium & phosphate absorption from small intestine
94
Adipose
Fat cells | Produce leptin
95
Types of stimulation glands
Hormonal Humoral Neural

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