chapter 37 part 2

Question 1

energy…

Answer 1

flows

Question 2

energy flows

Answer 2

energy from the sun can be stored in chemical bonds (photosynthesis) - used to do work and the rest is lost as heat
energy has to be continually added to the system

Question 3

chemicals…

Answer 3

cycle

Question 4

chemicals cycle

Answer 4

are recycled and used over and over again

Question 5

biomass

Answer 5

the organic material in the ecosystem; living or was living (plant matter, animal bodies etc)

Question 6

percentage of energy that moves up the food chain

Answer 6

10%

Question 7

energy flow in ecosystems

Answer 7

only about 10% of the energy taken in by an organism is stored in its biomass (body) and can be used by the next level up for energy
“10 percent rule”

Question 8

what percentage of the food we take in are used for life sustaining activity?

Answer 8

75%

Question 9

when we eat plants…

Answer 9

we get our energy more efficiently than when we eat meat

Question 10

land

Answer 10

used for growing grain and pasture land (much of the grain grown in the US is for animal food espcially corn and soy beans - 40% worldwide) (70% in the US)

Question 11

predator

Answer 11

the consumer
have evolved mechanisms to help them catch an subdue prey (claws, teeth, fangs, stingers, poisons, etc; sharpened senses such as eyesight, smell and hearing)

Question 12

prey

Answer 12

the food, including plants

Question 13

most of animals energy and time are put toward

Answer 13

eating and avoiding being eaten

Question 14

plants

Answer 14

have evolved many mechanisms to keep them from becoming food for insects and other herbivores (physical mechanisms, chemical defenses)

Question 15

physical mechanisms for plants

Answer 15

spines and thorns; sap (sap will clog insects mouths as they try to eat tree, ex:rubber tree, chicle tree)

Question 16

chemical defenses of plants

Answer 16

“defense compounds”
-poisons - to stop herbivores (ex: cyanide, struchnine)
-alkaloids (bitter taste) (morphine-opoium poppy, cocaine-cocoa, cannabis-marijuana, nicotine-tobacco, caffeine-coffee/tea)
some tropical plants have up to 90 different defense compouds
-heart stimulants (digitalin, milkweed)
-drugs to fight diseases (about 25% of prescription drugs come from plants vinblastine-leukemia, taxol-ovarian cancer)
-spices (bitter tasting) (cinnamon, cloves, pepermint

Question 17

defense mechanisms for animals

Answer 17

• fleeing
• freezing
• potent scents (skunk)
• camouflage
• alarm calls
• mobbing
• quills (porcupine)
• chemical defenses
• mimicry

Question 18

fleeing

Answer 18

(one of the most common defenses)

Question 19

freezing

Answer 19

(movement help predators to “see” prey; predators will often overlook prey when they freeze)

Question 20

potent scents

Answer 20

skunk

Question 21

camouflage

Answer 21

(blend into the surroundings)

Question 22

alarm calls

Answer 22

(to warn other members of the species)

Question 23

mobbing

Answer 23

(to drive away predators; ex small birds may mob an hawk to get rid of hawk)

Question 24

quills

Answer 24

porcupine

Question 25

chemical defenses

Answer 25

(toxins; some species develop toxins; ex: monarch butterfly and poison frogs)

Question 26

mimicry

Answer 26

(one species has evolved to look like another for protection; ex - monarch and viceroy butterflies

Question 27

symbiotic

Answer 27

"living together"; interspecies interactions 1. mutualism 2. parasitism

Question 28

mutualism

Answer 28

both partners benefit ex: algae provides food for fungi- fungi provides habitat and water for algae clownfish hides within the tentacles of anomones for protection- clowfish aerates anemones that get rid of parasites and lures other fish in for food

Question 29

parasitism

Answer 29

one (the parasite) benefits at the expense of the other (the host) ex: blood flukes on humans; ticks,tapeworms, leeches, any bacterial infection

Question 30

disturbance

Answer 30

a force that alters the biological community and usually removes organisms from it ex: fires, floods, volcanoes, glaciers, human intervention - small disturbances create new habitats (tree falling over); large disturbances may take years for the community to recover (forest fire)

Question 31

ecological succession

Answer 31

the process that an area goes through as it recovers from a disturbance; a series of predictable steps for recovery

Question 32

primary succession

Answer 32

a community that arises from a virtually lifeless area, with no soil ex: the rubble left by a glacier or the fresh lava flows of a volcano -stage one: lichen begin to establish soil stage two: mosses stage three: weeds and herbs overgrow the mosses over time because they have the ability to grow vertically stage four: grasses overgrow the weeds and herbs (in a grassland, this will be the final stage) stage five: bushes and shrubs overgrow the grasses stage six: small trees stage seven: larger trees - called a climax community now

Question 33

lichen

Answer 33

secrete enzymes that breaks up rocks; organic matter slowly forms as these plants die over many years

Question 34

mosses

Answer 34

when a small amount of soil is produced, mosses can grow and slowly take over the lichen

Question 35

secondary succes

Answer 35

when a community has been destroyed, but the soil is left intact; starts at stage three (herbs and weeds) and continues through stage 4 and 7; skips the soil recreation stages ex: after a fire, drought, hurricane, agriculture

Question 36

pioneer species

Answer 36

the first o become established; ex are weeds, herbs, etc; warrior species

Question 37

warrior species

Answer 37

very protective of a recovering area (ex: poison invy, green brier, nature's way of saying Keep out

Question 38

fires

Answer 38

important role in ecosystems; return nutrients back to the soil, under natural conditions (grass lands burn ever 2-4 years; pine forests every 5-7 years

Question 39

chemical cycling

Answer 39

- water cycle - carbon - nitrogen

Question 40

water cycle

Answer 40

solar energy evaporates large amounts of water in seas (some falls back over seas and some fall back over land) includes transpiration, surface water, and groundwater

Question 41

transpiration

Answer 41

evaporation of water from plants (stomata open)

Question 42

surface water

Answer 42

lakes streams and river

Question 43

groundwater

Answer 43

water that seeps into the ground (acquifer)

Question 44

carbon cycle

Answer 44

major ingredient of all organic molecules (carbohydrates, lipicds);

Question 45

Nitrogen cycle

Answer 45

needed for proteins and nucleic acids, N in the atmosphere is not in a form that most plants can use; plants absorb nitrogran in their roots in several forms