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AP Biology > Chapter 39 > Flashcards

Chapter 39 Flashcards

1
Q

pathogens

A

harmful organisms and viruses that can cause disease

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2
Q

what are the three phases of defence responses?

A

recognition, activation, effector

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3
Q

recognition phase

A

the organism must be able to recognise pathogens and discriminate between self and nonself

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4
Q

activation phase

A

the recognition event leads to a mobilisation of cell sand molecules to fight the invader

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5
Q

effector phase

A

the mobilised cells and molecules destroy the invader

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6
Q

what are the two general types of defence mechanisms?

A

innate, adaptive

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7
Q

innate defenses

A

nonspecific, inherited mechanisms that provide the first line of defense against pathogens

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8
Q

what are some examples of innate defences?

A

physical barriers such as skin, molecules toxic to invaders, phagocytic cells that ingest invaders

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9
Q

adaptive defenses

A

aimed at specific pathogens, activated the innate immune system

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10
Q

what are some examples of adaptive defences?

A

make antibodies to aid in the destruction of pathogens

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11
Q

antibodies

A

proteins that will recognise, bind to, and aid in the destruction of specific pathogens

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12
Q

immunity

A

occurs when an organism has sufficient defences to successfully avoid biological invasion by a pathogen

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13
Q

what is the main function of red blood cells?

A

carry oxygen throughout the body

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14
Q

white blood cells

A

specialised for various functions in the immune system

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15
Q

phagocytes

A

large cells that engulf pathogens and other substances by phagocytosis

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16
Q

lymphocytes

A

B cells and T cells (adaptive), natural killer cells (innate and adaptive)

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17
Q

basophils

A

release histamine and other molecules involved in inflammation

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18
Q

eosinophils

A

kill antibody-coated parasites

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19
Q

neutrophils

A

stimulate inflammation

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20
Q

mast cells

A

release histamine

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21
Q

monocytes

A

develop into macrophages and dendritic cells

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22
Q

macrophages

A

antigen presentation

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23
Q

dendritic cells

A

present antigens to T cells

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24
Q

B lymphocytes

A

differentiate to form antibody producing cells and memory

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25
T lymphocytes
kill pathogen infected cells; regulate activities of other white blood cells
26
natural killer cells
attack and lyse virus-infected or cancerous body cells
27
physical barrier of the skin
bacteria rarely penetrate intact skin
28
saltiness of skin
condition is not hospitable to the growth of bacterium
29
presence of normal flora
bacteria and fungi that normally live on body surfaces will compete with potential pathogens for space and nutrients
30
mucus
traps microorganisms so they can be removed by the beating of hte cilia
31
lysozyme
cleaves bonds in the cell walls of many bacteria, causing them to lyse
32
defensins
insert themselves into the cell membranes of these organisms and make the membranes freely permeable to water and all solutes
33
internal environment
harsh conditions can kill pathogens
34
pattern recognition receptors
activates defensive cells by recognising nonself molecules
35
pathogen associated molecular patterns
unique to large classes of microbes, such as bacterial flagellin and fungal chitin
36
natural killer cells
initiate apoptosis in target cells that are infected by viruses or have become cancerous
37
cytokines
signaling proteins that are released by many cell types and can be prpoduced in response to PRR activation
38
interferons
help increase the resistance of neighbouring cells to infection
39
inflammation
redness, swelling and heat near the damaged site
40
mast cells
adhere to the skin and release numerous chemical signals
41
tumour necrosis factor
cytokine protein that kills target cells and activates immune cells
42
prostaglandins
fatty acid derivatives that play roles in various responses, including the initiation of inflammation in nearby tissues
43
histamine
amino acid derivative that increases the permeability of blood vessels to white blood cells and molecules so they can act in nearby tissues
44
allergic reaction
normally harmless nonself molecule binds to mast cells, causing the release of histamine
45
autoimmune diseases
immune system fails to distinguish between self and nonself and attacks tissues in the organism's own body
46
sepsis
inflammation becomes widespread and blood pressure can greatly drop due to dilation of blood vessels
47
antigens
nonself substances
48
antigenic determinants (epitopes)
sites on antigens that the immune system recognises
49
clonal deletion
immature B or T cell that shows potential to mount a strong immune response against self antigens undergoes apoptosis
50
autoimmunity
immune response within an individual to self antigens caused by a failure of clonal deletion
51
immunological memory
after responding to a particular type of pathogen once, the immune system can usually respond more rapidly and powerfully to the same threat in the future
52
primary immune resonse
takes several days before the adaptive immune system produces specific antibodies and T cells
53
effector cells
carry out the attack on the antigen
54
plasma cells (effector B cells)
secrete antibodies
55
memory cells
start dividing on short notice to produce more effector and more memory cells
56
secondary immune response
more rapid and powerful response to a repeat antigen exposure
57
antigen presentation
phagocytic cells display fragments of the pathogen on their cell surfaces for communication purposes
58
cytotoxic T cells
workhorses of the cellular immune response
59
B cells that make antibodies
workhorses of the humoral immune response
60
T helper cell
bears a T cell receptor protein that is specific for the antigen
61
immunoglobulins
several classes of antibodies
62
how does a "naive" B cell become a regular B cell?
activated by antigen binding to the receptor from the "naive" B cell
63
amino acid sequence of the constant region
determines the general structure and function of an immunoglobulin
64
variable region
this amino acid sequence is different for each specific immunoglobulin
65
IgG
80% of circuling antibodies
66
IgD
cell surface receptor on a B cell
67
IgM
initial surface and circulating antibody released by a B cell
68
IgA
protects mucous membranes exposed to the environment
69
IgE
binds to mast cells and is involved with inflammation
70
Class I MHC proteins
present antigens to Tc cells
71
Class II MHC proteins
present antigens to Th cells
72
regulatory T cells
ensure that the immune response does not spiral out of control

AP Biology (19 decks)

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