Chapter 12

Question 1

for a prokaryote with a single chromosome, what is the genome sequence?

Answer 1

a continuous string of base pairs

Question 2

high-throughput sequencing

Answer 2

use miniaturisation techniques to sequence DNA

Question 3

bioinformatics

Answer 3

analyse DNA sequences using complex mathematics and computer programs

Question 4

functional genomics

Answer 4

use sequence information to identify the functions of various parts of genomes

Question 5

open reading frames

Answer 5

sequences of DNA that have no stop codons, and can encode parts of proteins

Question 6

give some examples of regulatory sequences

Answer 6

promoters and terminators

Question 7

comparative genomics

Answer 7

comparison of a newly sequenced genome with sequences from other organisms

Question 8

proteome

Answer 8

sum total of the proteins produced by an organism

Question 9

why do proteins have unique combinations of electric charge and size?

Answer 9

due to their unique amino acid compositions

Question 10

proteomics

Answer 10

identify and characterise all of the expressed proteins

Question 11

metabolome

Answer 11

the complete set of small molecules present in a cell, tissue, or organism

Question 12

primary metabolites

Answer 12

involved in normal processes

Question 13

secondary metabolites

Answer 13

unique to particular organisms or groups of organisms

Question 14

metabolomics

Answer 14

describe the metabolic profile of a tissue or organism under particular environmental conditions

Question 15

how can molecules be identified?

Answer 15

through mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Question 16

what are some notable features of bacterial and archaeal genomes?

Answer 16

small, compact, genes don’t contain introns, carry plasmids

Question 17

metagenomics

Answer 17

analysing genes without isolating the intact organism

Question 18

transposons

Answer 18

segments of DNA that can move from place to place in the genome

Question 19

what effect can transposons have on genes?

Answer 19

significant phenotypic effects by inactivating genes

Question 20

what may happen if a transposon becomes duplicated/

Answer 20

a single larger transposon may be formed

Question 21

minimal genome

Answer 21

set of DNA sequences common to all cells

Question 22

eukaryotic genomes are _____ than those of prokaryotes

Answer 22

larger

Question 23

eukaryotic genomes have _____ regulatory sequences than those of prokaryotes

Answer 23

more

Question 24

much of eukaryotic DNA does not __________

Answer 24

encode proteins

Question 25

orthologs

Answer 25

genes that are derived from a common ancestral gene

Question 26

gene families

Answer 26

groups of closely related genes

Question 27

pseudogenes

Answer 27

nonfunctional proteins that result from loss-of-function mutations

Question 28

highly repetitive sequences

Answer 28

short sequences that are repeated thousands of times in the genome

Question 29

short tandem repeats

Answer 29

repeated many times at a particular chromosomal location

Question 30

moderately repetitive sequences

Answer 30

repeated 10-1,000 times in the eukaryotic genome

Question 31

retrotransposons

Answer 31

make RNA copies of themselves, which are then copied back into DNA before insertion at new locations in the genome

Question 32

LTR retrotransposons

Answer 32

have long terminal repeats of the DNA sequence at each end

Question 33

non-LTR retrotransposons

Answer 33

no LTR sequences at the ends, divided into subcategories called SINEs and LINEs

Question 34

SINEs

Answer 34

short interspersed elements; transcribed but not translated

Question 35

LINEs

Answer 35

long interspersed elements; transcribed and translated

Question 36

DNA transposons

Answer 36

excised from the original location and inserted at a new location without being replicated

Question 37

single nucleotide polymorphisms

Answer 37

DNA sequence variations that involve single nucleotides

Question 38

haplotype

Answer 38

piece of chromosome with a set of linked SNPs

Question 39

DNA microarray

Answer 39

grid of microscopic spots of oligonucleotides on a solid surface

Question 40

pharmacogenomics

Answer 40

study of how an individual's genome affects the response to drugs or other agents