Chapter 4

Question 1

cytoplasm

Answer 1

supports and suspends organelles and cellular molecules, where processes occur
plant and animal

Question 2

cytosol

Answer 2

provides structural support

plant and animal

Question 3

cell membrane

Answer 3

separates the interior of the cell from the outside
regulates transport of material
plant and animal

Question 4

nucleus

Answer 4

controls and regulates the activities of the cell
carries genes
plant and animal

Question 5

nuclear envelope

Answer 5

separates the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm
provides structural framework
plant and animal

Question 6

nucleolus

Answer 6

where ribosomes are made

plant and animal

Question 7

rough er

Answer 7

helps make and process proteins

plant and animal

Question 8

smooth er

Answer 8

synthesizes lipids, phospholipids, and steroids
breaks down toxins
plant and animal

Question 9

ribosome

Answer 9

makes proteins for the cell
reads code from dna, creates proteins
plant and animal

Question 10

lysosome

Answer 10

degrading and recycling cellular waste
cellular signaling
energy metabolism in bacteria
plant and animal

Question 11

vacuole

Answer 11

in plants: holds water
in animals: holds water and breaks down food
plant and animal

Question 12

chloroplast

Answer 12

where photosynthesis occurs

plant

Question 13

mitochondrion

Answer 13

powerhouse of the cell
breaks down glucose
plant and animal

Question 14

cytoskeleton: microfilaments

Answer 14

gives shape to the cell
supports its internal parts
plant and animal

Question 15

cytoskeleton: intermediate filament

Answer 15

provides mechanical support for plasma membrane where it comes into contact with other cells
plant and animal

Question 16

cytoskeleton: microtubules

Answer 16

regulates cell growth and movement and key signaling events

plant and animal

Question 17

cytoskeleton: cilia

Answer 17

moves water relative to the cell in a regular movement

animal

Question 18

cytoskeleton: flagella

Answer 18

enables movement and chemotaxis

animal

Question 19

vesicle

Answer 19

helps transport materials
recycles waste
plant and animal

Question 20

what are the four main categories of the eukaryotic organelles/structures

Answer 20

genetic control
manufacturing, distribution, and breakdown
energy processing
support, movement, and communication between cells

Question 21

plasmodesma

Answer 21

microscopic channels enable transport and communication between cells

Question 22

cell theory

Answer 22

1. all organisms are composed of cells
2. cells are the smallest working unit of an organism
3. cells come from preexisting cells

Question 23

why do cells have a minimum size

Answer 23

the minimum size is determined by the total size of all molecules required for cellular activity

Question 24

why do cells have a maximum size

Answer 24

the maximum size is determined by the need for sufficient surface area to carry out functions

Question 25

how do you calculate surface area

Answer 25

(l x w)6

Question 26

how do you calculate volume ratio

Answer 26

cube the side length

Question 27

what is the basic chemical structure of a phospholipid

Answer 27

a phospholipid has two hydrophobic fatty acid tails which are nonpolar, and one phosphate group within a hydrophilic glycerol head which is polar.

Question 28

surface area

Answer 28

surface area determines the surface measurements of the cell membrane, as volume increases, you will have more need for surface area

Question 29

explain how the term selectively permeable is related to the phospholipid bilayer

Answer 29

small, nonpolar molecules pass more easily large, polar molecules/ions do not pass as easily The proteins embedded in the phospholipid bilayer are what let these molecules in

Question 30

endosymbiont theory

Answer 30

eukaryotes evolved from symbiotic relationships between prokaryotes

Question 31

evidence supporting endosymbiont theory

Answer 31

mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA and ribosomes, resemble prokaryotes in size, and can reproduce on their own

Question 32

tight junctions

Answer 32

prevent leakage | ex. the intestine

Question 33

anchoring junctions

Answer 33

fasten cells together to limit mechanical stress/stretching | ex skin

Question 34

gap junctions

Answer 34

substances flow between cells | ex heart